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Questions and Answers
Which postulate of cell theory states that all cells arise from preexisting cells?
What type of microscope would you use to examine the internal structure of a cell with high clarity?
Which of the following characteristics of life is associated with the concept of maintaining stable internal conditions?
Who is credited with the discovery of cells through observing cork?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living organisms according to the foundation of biology?
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What is the primary limitation of a Light Compact Microscope (LCM)?
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Which of the following is considered an organelle?
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What is the primary function of flagella?
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Which of the following correctly describes cilia?
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What are pseudopods primarily used for?
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What distinguishes microvilli from villi?
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What role does the extracellular matrix (ECM) play in the body?
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Which type of modification occurs between apical and basal surfaces?
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What is a significant function of villi in the intestines?
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What happens during the metaphase checkpoint?
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What is the meaning of the term 'pseudopod'?
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What key event occurs during anaphase?
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Which of the following processes is NOT part of the synthesis phase?
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What is the role of centrosomes during mitosis?
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Which statement regarding apoptosis is accurate?
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In telophase, which of the following occurs?
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What happens to sister chromatids after they are separated?
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Which of the following describes the Gap 2 phase in the cell cycle?
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What is the result of the fusion of haploid gametes during fertilization?
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What type of cells do spermatogonia produce through mitotic division?
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What is the chromosome composition of primary spermatocytes?
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Where does the maturation of sperm cells occur?
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What is the purpose of meiosis I in spermatogenesis?
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What stage follows the differentiation of spermatogonia?
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What would happen if sex cells contained the full set of chromosomes?
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What is the final phase of sperm cell production in the seminiferous tubules?
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What is produced during meiosis?
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During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
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What happens to the nuclear membrane during prophase of mitosis?
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Which of the following statements about homologous pairs is TRUE?
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What is the main purpose of cytokinesis?
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What is a characteristic feature of metaphase in mitosis?
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Which checkpoint is NOT typically associated with the cell cycle?
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How many chromosomes are present in the daughter cells produced by mitosis if the parent cell is diploid (2n)?
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Study Notes
Multicellular (Eukaryotes)
- Organisms are characterized by reproduction, development, evolution, response to stimuli, homeostasis, and energy requirements.
- Protozoan cells are considered the first living cells, according to the cell theory established by Schleiden and Schwann.
Postulates of Cell Theory
- All organisms consist of one or more cells.
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms.
- Cells can only arise from existing cells through cell division.
History of Cell Discovery
- Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 while examining cork under a microscope.
Microscopes
- Zacharias Jansen invented the microscope in the late 1600s, enabling observation of small objects.
- Micrograph: Image produced by a microscope.
- Magnification: Measure of the optical instrument's ability.
- Resolution: The clarity of an image.
- Types of microscopes include Light Compact Microscopes (LCM) and Electron Microscopes (EMS).
Cell Organelles
- Organelles, or “little organs,” are specialized structures within cells, each with distinct functions.
- Non-membrane-bound structures, like flagella, assist in cell locomotion.
- Cilia are shorter, more numerous, and function similarly to flagella but are primarily used for movement and sensory detection.
- Pseudopodia are temporary extensions of the cytoplasm used for locomotion and capturing prey.
- Villi and microvilli increase absorptive surface area in epithelial cells.
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
- The ECM is a network of proteins and molecules surrounding cells, supporting structure and communication.
Types of Cell Modification
- Apical, lateral, and basal modifications facilitate diverse cellular functions.
Cell Division
- The cell cycle includes Interphase (DNA replication), M Phase (cell division), and Cytokinesis (separation of the parent cell).
- Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells (2n) from a parent cell.
Mitotic Phases
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible; nuclear envelope breaks down.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator; checkpoints ensure attachment to the mitotic spindle.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell.
- Telophase: Chromosomes decondense; nuclear membrane reforms.
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis refers to programmed cell death, ensuring proper cell turnover.
Importance of Haploid Gametes
- Gametes (sperm and egg) combine to form a diploid zygote, maintaining genetic stability.
- Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes, starting from spermatogonia, which proliferate to form primary spermatocytes through mitosis.
Gamete Formation
- Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I, reducing the chromosome count.
- Mature sperm cells are released into seminiferous tubules for further maturation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the foundational concepts of cell theory, including the characteristics of multicellular eukaryotes and the key postulates laid out by scientists such as Schleiden and Schwann. Explore topics such as reproduction, adaptation, and homeostasis in living organisms.