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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
Which group of organisms is classified as eukaryotes?
Which group of organisms is classified as eukaryotes?
What is a common feature of all archaea?
What is a common feature of all archaea?
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
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Which of the following is a feature unique to bacteria?
Which of the following is a feature unique to bacteria?
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Which eukaryotic organelle is responsible for energy production?
Which eukaryotic organelle is responsible for energy production?
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Which prokaryotic cell shape is characterized as rod-shaped?
Which prokaryotic cell shape is characterized as rod-shaped?
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What is a characteristic of eukaryotes regarding antibiotics?
What is a characteristic of eukaryotes regarding antibiotics?
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What is one of the main components shared by all cells?
What is one of the main components shared by all cells?
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Which type of microscope allows for the highest magnification?
Which type of microscope allows for the highest magnification?
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Which scientist was responsible for naming the cell?
Which scientist was responsible for naming the cell?
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Which of these statements is true regarding prokaryotic cells?
Which of these statements is true regarding prokaryotic cells?
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What is a characteristic feature of eukaryotic cells?
What is a characteristic feature of eukaryotic cells?
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Which organisms are examples of unicellular organisms?
Which organisms are examples of unicellular organisms?
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What does the cell theory state about cells?
What does the cell theory state about cells?
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Which of the following describes the cytoplasm?
Which of the following describes the cytoplasm?
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Study Notes
Cell Theory
- Living organisms are made of one or more cells.
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
- Cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division.
Types of Organisms
- Unicellular organisms are made up of a single cell that performs all essential functions.
- Examples: bacteria and yeast.
- Multicellular organisms are composed of multiple cells, with specialized functions.
- Examples: humans and plants.
Discovering the Cell
- Robert Hooke discovered and named the cell in 1665.
- Hooke observed the dead cell walls of plant cells (cork).
Microscopes and Cell Theory
- Microscopes are essential for studying cells as they are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
- A light microscope uses a beam of light to view a specimen, offering magnification up to 1500x.
- An electron microscope uses a beam of electrons, allowing for much higher magnification (up to 1,000,000x).
Cell Types: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
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Prokaryotic cells:
- Lack a nucleus.
- Lack membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus).
- Have circular DNA.
- Possess smaller ribosomes.
- Have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
- Examples: bacteria and archaea.
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Eukaryotic cells:
- Have a membrane-bound nucleus containing their genetic material.
- Possess larger ribosomes.
- Have numerous membrane-bound organelles, including:
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Chloroplasts
- Mitochondria
- Peroxisomes
- Lysosomes
- Examples: animals, plants, fungi, algae, and protozoans.
Archaea
- Found in extreme environments (e.g., thermophiles, halophiles, methanogenes).
- Resemble both bacteria and eukaryotes in features.
- They lack peptidoglycan in their cell envelope and are resistant to antibiotics like eukaryotes.
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
- No nucleus.
- No membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus).
- Genetic material is in the form of circular DNA.
- Scattered smaller ribosomes.
- Peptidoglycan is present in the cell wall of bacteria.
Prokaryotic Shapes
- Prokaryotes can have coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), or spirillum (spiral-shaped) forms.
Eukaryotic Cell Features
- Can be single-celled (e.g., protozoa, fungi, algae) or multicellular (e.g., plants, animals).
- A membrane-bound nucleus contains the genetic material.
- Larger ribosomes are present.
- Contains numerous membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotic cells are resistant to traditional antibiotics.
- They lack peptidoglycan in their cell envelope.
Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotes have both.
- Prokaryotes have smaller ribosomes and circular DNA, while eukaryotes have larger ribosomes and linear DNA.
- Prokaryotes possess peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which is absent in eukaryotes.
- Bacteria are susceptible to antibiotics, while eukaryotes are resistant.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of cell theory and the classification of organisms into unicellular and multicellular types. Discover the historical significance of cell discovery by Robert Hooke and the role of microscopes in studying cells. This quiz will test your understanding of basic biological concepts regarding cells.
