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Questions and Answers
All organisms are made up of one or more ______.
All organisms are made up of one or more ______.
cells
Eukaryotic cells contain a true ______ membrane.
Eukaryotic cells contain a true ______ membrane.
nuclear
Prokaryotic organisms belong to the kingdom called ______.
Prokaryotic organisms belong to the kingdom called ______.
Monera
The transmission of genetic information is primarily carried out by ______.
The transmission of genetic information is primarily carried out by ______.
The classification of life based on nucleotide sequences was pioneered by ______.
The classification of life based on nucleotide sequences was pioneered by ______.
Eukaryotic cells are characterized by the presence of a ______.
Eukaryotic cells are characterized by the presence of a ______.
In Eukarya, membrane-bound organelles are ______.
In Eukarya, membrane-bound organelles are ______.
Ribosome size in Eukaryotic cells is measured at ______.
Ribosome size in Eukaryotic cells is measured at ______.
Prokaryotic cells have ______ DNA, while Eukaryotic cells have linear DNA.
Prokaryotic cells have ______ DNA, while Eukaryotic cells have linear DNA.
In an animal cell, a ______ is not present, unlike in plant cells.
In an animal cell, a ______ is not present, unlike in plant cells.
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Study Notes
Cell Theory
- All organisms consist of one or more cells: unicellular = one cell, multicellular = multiple cells.
- Cells are the fundamental structural and functional units of life.
- Proposes that all cells arise from preexisting cells, as established by Virchow (1858).
- Mitosis occurs in somatic cells, while meiosis occurs in gametes.
Modern Cell Theory
- Energy flows within cells, vital for metabolism.
- Similar chemical composition is shared among all cells.
- Genetic information is transmitted through DNA.
Cytological Terms
- Unicellular organisms are formed from a single cell.
- Multicellular organisms consist of two or more cells.
- Eukaryotic cells have a true nuclear membrane.
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear membrane.
- Eukaryotes possess a nucleus and include organisms like plants and animals.
- Prokaryotes are devoid of a nuclear membrane and include bacteria.
Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Whittaker's kingdoms classify life based on nutrition: Monera for prokaryotic, and Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia for eukaryotic.
- Woese's domains, based on nucleotide sequences, categorize life into Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic cells: Eubacteria and Archaea; eukaryotic cells: Eukarya.
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotic cells contain both.
- Ribosome sizes differ: 70s (prokaryotic) vs. 80s (eukaryotic).
- Membrane chemistry varies: prokaryotes utilize fatty acids; archaea have isoprenoid structures.
- DNA structure: circular in prokaryotes; linear in eukaryotes.
Basic Parts of a Cell
- Cell Membrane: regulates internal environment.
- Cytoplasm and Cytoplasmic Structures: host various cellular processes.
- Endomembrane System: consists of membrane-bound organelles.
- Non-Endomembrane Structures: include ribosomes and centrioles.
- Cytoskeletal Elements: provide structural support.
- Nucleus: houses genetic material.
- Extracellular Components: includes protective coverings such as cell walls (in plants, fungi, bacteria) and capsules (in bacteria), which are absent in animal cells.
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