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Questions and Answers
Who was the first to use the term 'cell' in reference to microscopic structures?
Who was the first to use the term 'cell' in reference to microscopic structures?
What did Matthias Schleiden contribute to the Cell Theory?
What did Matthias Schleiden contribute to the Cell Theory?
What is a significant limitation of light microscopes compared to electron microscopes?
What is a significant limitation of light microscopes compared to electron microscopes?
Which statement accurately reflects a part of the Cell Theory?
Which statement accurately reflects a part of the Cell Theory?
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Which of the following instruments uses a beam of electrons for visualizing specimens?
Which of the following instruments uses a beam of electrons for visualizing specimens?
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What type of fruit is characterized by a thin skin and includes tomatoes and grapes?
What type of fruit is characterized by a thin skin and includes tomatoes and grapes?
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Which type of fruit is formed from an enlarged hypanthium of a half-inferior ovary?
Which type of fruit is formed from an enlarged hypanthium of a half-inferior ovary?
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What is the primary characteristic of aggregate fruits?
What is the primary characteristic of aggregate fruits?
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Which fruit type contains a leathery skin with oils, such as citrus fruits?
Which fruit type contains a leathery skin with oils, such as citrus fruits?
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Which type of placentation is found in true berries and hesperidia?
Which type of placentation is found in true berries and hesperidia?
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What separates indehiscent fruits from dehiscent fruits?
What separates indehiscent fruits from dehiscent fruits?
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Which of the following fruits is formed from multiple flowers?
Which of the following fruits is formed from multiple flowers?
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During which event did the first evidence of angiosperms appear?
During which event did the first evidence of angiosperms appear?
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Which group is now believed to be the closest common ancestor to terrestrial plants?
Which group is now believed to be the closest common ancestor to terrestrial plants?
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What substance primarily makes up the cell walls of fungi?
What substance primarily makes up the cell walls of fungi?
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What adaptation do freshwater green algae have that helps them survive on land?
What adaptation do freshwater green algae have that helps them survive on land?
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What role does the ozone layer play for terrestrial life forms?
What role does the ozone layer play for terrestrial life forms?
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What happens to chlorophyll in leaves during the fall?
What happens to chlorophyll in leaves during the fall?
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How do freshwater green algae form 'soil crusts'?
How do freshwater green algae form 'soil crusts'?
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What type of reproduction do Zygnematophyceae utilize?
What type of reproduction do Zygnematophyceae utilize?
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Why were fungi significant in the context of land colonization?
Why were fungi significant in the context of land colonization?
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Which group of organisms includes both algae and fungi in a symbiotic relationship?
Which group of organisms includes both algae and fungi in a symbiotic relationship?
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What is the effect of excess visible light on photosynthesis?
What is the effect of excess visible light on photosynthesis?
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Which characteristic is true of plants in the Poaceae family?
Which characteristic is true of plants in the Poaceae family?
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What feature makes flowers appealing to beetle pollinators?
What feature makes flowers appealing to beetle pollinators?
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How do bees tend to choose which flowers to pollinate?
How do bees tend to choose which flowers to pollinate?
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Which statement about moth-pollinated flowers is true?
Which statement about moth-pollinated flowers is true?
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What is the primary function of fruit in flowering plants?
What is the primary function of fruit in flowering plants?
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What is a characteristic of drupes?
What is a characteristic of drupes?
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How does the maturation of fruit typically occur?
How does the maturation of fruit typically occur?
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Which aspect is NOT an adaptation of flowers pollinated by hummingbirds?
Which aspect is NOT an adaptation of flowers pollinated by hummingbirds?
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What role does natural selection play in the relationship between pollinators and flowering plants?
What role does natural selection play in the relationship between pollinators and flowering plants?
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What is a common trait of bat-pollinated flowers?
What is a common trait of bat-pollinated flowers?
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What is a characteristic that distinguishes organisms in the Kingdom Plantae?
What is a characteristic that distinguishes organisms in the Kingdom Plantae?
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Which group is NOT considered a part of prokaryotes?
Which group is NOT considered a part of prokaryotes?
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Which term describes the structure that surrounds the protoplast of plant cells?
Which term describes the structure that surrounds the protoplast of plant cells?
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What is a primary role of cyanobacteria in the ecosystem?
What is a primary role of cyanobacteria in the ecosystem?
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What pigment is NOT typically found in cyanobacteria?
What pigment is NOT typically found in cyanobacteria?
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What best describes the term 'thallus' in relation to algae?
What best describes the term 'thallus' in relation to algae?
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During which event did cyanobacteria play a significant role by producing oxygen?
During which event did cyanobacteria play a significant role by producing oxygen?
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What do chlorophytes rely on for photosynthesis?
What do chlorophytes rely on for photosynthesis?
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Which of the following groups includes organisms that are primarily unicellular and marine?
Which of the following groups includes organisms that are primarily unicellular and marine?
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What is the significance of the double cell walls in Rhodophyta?
What is the significance of the double cell walls in Rhodophyta?
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Which process involves a eukaryotic cell engulfing another eukaryotic cell?
Which process involves a eukaryotic cell engulfing another eukaryotic cell?
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Which of the following statements about intermediate filaments is true?
Which of the following statements about intermediate filaments is true?
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Which group of algae is least closely related to land plants?
Which group of algae is least closely related to land plants?
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What is the primary phase in the life cycle of mosses?
What is the primary phase in the life cycle of mosses?
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Which structure is responsible for the exchange of gases in hornworts?
Which structure is responsible for the exchange of gases in hornworts?
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What reproductive structure do mosses have that produces male gametes?
What reproductive structure do mosses have that produces male gametes?
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What is a defining characteristic of seedless vascular plants?
What is a defining characteristic of seedless vascular plants?
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Which of the following phyla is NOT a type of seedless vascular plant?
Which of the following phyla is NOT a type of seedless vascular plant?
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In seed plants, what structure is responsible for the protection of the developing ovule?
In seed plants, what structure is responsible for the protection of the developing ovule?
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What is the dominant generation in the life cycle of gymnosperms?
What is the dominant generation in the life cycle of gymnosperms?
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How do angiosperms primarily facilitate their reproduction?
How do angiosperms primarily facilitate their reproduction?
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Which of the following plant families is known for having bilateral symmetry in their flowers?
Which of the following plant families is known for having bilateral symmetry in their flowers?
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What characteristic distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms?
What characteristic distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms?
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Which reproductive structure is present in the male gametophyte of ferns?
Which reproductive structure is present in the male gametophyte of ferns?
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What type of plant primarily engages in vegetative reproduction?
What type of plant primarily engages in vegetative reproduction?
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What is the role of the stomata in hornworts?
What is the role of the stomata in hornworts?
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Which part of the flower contains the ovule?
Which part of the flower contains the ovule?
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What is unique about the life cycle of seed vascular plants compared to bryophytes?
What is unique about the life cycle of seed vascular plants compared to bryophytes?
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Study Notes
Cell Theory and Microscopy
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Cells were discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, observing cork bark.
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He used the term "cell" due to the cells resembling monk's cells.
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Antoine van Leeuwenhoek observed microorganisms using a microscope with a small glass ball magnifying up to 300x.
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In 1838, Matthias Schleiden confirmed that plants are composed of cells.
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In 1839, Theodor Schwann confirmed that animals are also composed of cells.
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The Cell Theory:
- Organisms are made up of one or more cells.
- Cells are the basic structural units of all organisms.
- New cells come from existing cells.
Light Microscopes
- Compound and dissecting microscopes use light passing through lenses to increase magnification.
- Can be equipped to view excited fluorescent compounds.
- Epifluorescent microscopes use xenon arc or mercury vapour lamps.
- Confocal microscopes use lasers.
Electron Microscopes
- Electron microscopes use beams of electrons to visualize samples.
- Transmission electron microscopes need thin specimens.
- Scanning electron microscopes can view surfaces of thick specimens.
The Plant Cell
- The plant cell is composed of:
- Cell membrane: Semi-permeable, controls substance movement. Fluid and flexible, primarily from a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. Carbohydrate chains help with cell recognition and support.
- Nucleus: Site for DNA storage and ribosome synthesis, surrounded by a double membrane.
- Cytoplasm: Contains all cell contents excluding the nucleus.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of cell theory and the advancements in microscopy techniques. Learn about the contributions of scientists like Robert Hooke and Antoine van Leeuwenhoek and the different types of microscopes used in modern biology. Test your knowledge on cells as the basic units of life.
