Biology Chapter: Cell Theory and Types
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Biology Chapter: Cell Theory and Types

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Questions and Answers

What component is primarily responsible for the energy storage function of lipids?

  • Phospholipids
  • Triglycerides (correct)
  • Cholesterol
  • Glycerol

    • Which type of lipid contains a polar head with an oligosaccharide?

  • Triglycerides
  • Glycolipids (correct)
  • Sterols
  • Phospholipids

    • What is the primary function of nucleic acids?

  • Carrying genetic information (correct)
  • Cell structure formation
  • Synthesis of enzymes
  • Energy storage

    • Which type of nucleic acid is composed of a deoxyribonucleotide?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about fatty acids is TRUE?

    <p>Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

    <p>Selective permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes organisms that consist of a single cell?

    <p>Unicellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do multicellular organisms differ from unicellular ones?

    <p>They rely on a community of specialized cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the Cell Theory?

    <p>All living organisms are made up of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of a nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for storing genetic information?

    <p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During cell division, what is the process by which all cells arise?

    <p>Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the smallest unit of life that can survive independently?

    <p>Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in eukaryotic cells serves to isolate DNA from the cytoplasm?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Ability to perform endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

    <p>To serve as a barrier that regulates entry and exit of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do mitochondria play in cells?

    <p>Produce ATP, often without oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of the cell membrane commonly referred to as?

    <p>Fluid mosaic model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Maintaining cell shape and organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are thought to have given rise to eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ribosomes primarily associated with in the cell?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the endoplasmic reticulum in the cell?

    <p>Transporting molecules for modifications and destinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes rough ER from smooth ER?

    <p>Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do prokaryotic ribosomes differ from eukaryotic ribosomes?

    <p>They are smaller than most eukaryotic ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are lysosomes referred to as 'suicide bags'?

    <p>They contain destructive enzymes that can destroy the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of centrosomes in the cell?

    <p>Organizing the cytoskeleton and producing microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding ribosomes?

    <p>They are complexes of RNA and protein found in all cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures separate during cell division in animal cells?

    <p>Centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which types of cells are centrosomes generally found?

    <p>In animal cells and some fungi and algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of a protein?

    <p>The sequence of amino acids forming the protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about nucleosides is true?

    <p>Nucleosides are composed of a ribose ring and a nucleobase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes polypeptides from proteins?

    <p>Polypeptides consist of fewer amino acids than proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes polysaccharides?

    <p>They are composed of multiple monosaccharides and are generally insoluble in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of monosaccharides?

    <p>They are sweet, water-soluble, and crystalline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links amino acids together in a peptide?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are examples of disaccharides?

    <p>Sucrose and lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about oligosaccharides is accurate?

    <p>They consist of a limited number of monomers, usually 2-15.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lipids and Energy Storage

    • Fatty acids are the primary component responsible for the energy storage function of lipids.
    • Glycolipids, a type of lipid, contain a polar head with an oligosaccharide.

    Nucleic Acids: Information Carriers

    • Nucleic acids primarily function in storing and transmitting genetic information.
    • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a type of nucleic acid composed of deoxyribonucleotides.

    Fatty Acids: Building Blocks of Lipids

    • Fatty acids can be saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (contain double bonds).

    Cell Membrane: The Gatekeeper

    • The cell membrane is responsible for regulating the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.

    Cellular Organization

    • Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell.
    • Multicellular organisms are composed of multiple cells, each specialized for a specific function.

    The Fundamental Principle of Cell Theory

    • A key characteristic of the Cell Theory is that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

    Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: Cellular Differences

    • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells possess both.

    DNA: The Blueprint of Life

    • DNA is the macromolecule responsible for storing genetic information.

    The Birth of New Cells

    • Cell division is the process by which all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

    The Basic Unit of Life

    • The cell is the smallest unit of life that can survive independently.

    Nucleus: DNA's Safe Haven

    • The nucleus in eukaryotic cells serves to isolate DNA from the cytoplasm.

    Distinguishing Features of Eukaryotic Cells

    • Eukaryotic cells are distinguished from prokaryotic cells by the presence of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

    Cell Membrane: A Dynamic Barrier

    • The primary function of the cell membrane is to regulate the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.

    Mitochondria: Cellular Powerhouses

    • Mitochondria are responsible for generating energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

    The Fluid Mosaic Model

    • The cell membrane is commonly referred to as the fluid mosaic model because of its dynamic and diverse composition.

    Cytoskeleton: The Cell's Internal Scaffolding

    • The cytoskeleton provides structural support, facilitates cell movement, and aids in organelle transport.

    The Origins of Eukaryotic Cells

    • Endosymbiotic theory suggests that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells through a process of engulfing and incorporating other prokaryotic cells.

    Ribosomes: Protein Factories

    • Ribosomes are primarily associated with protein synthesis.

    Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Cellular Expressway

    • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein synthesis, folding, and transport.

    Rough vs. Smooth ER: Distinctive Features

    • Rough ER is characterized by the presence of ribosomes attached to its surface, whereas smooth ER lacks ribosomes.

    Ribosomal Differences in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

    • Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller in size (70S) than eukaryotic ribosomes (80S).

    Lysosomes: The Cell's Recycling Centers

    • Lysosomes are referred to as "suicide bags" because they contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down cellular debris and waste products.

    Centrosomes: Organizing Cell Division

    • Centrosomes play a crucial role in organizing microtubules, particularly during cell division.

    Ribosomes: The Protein Builders

    • Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis, translating genetic information from mRNA into proteins.

    Centrosomes: Guiding Cell Division

    • Centrosomes are found primarily in animal cells and are involved in organizing microtubules, which are important for separation of chromosomes during cell division.

    The Primary Structure of Proteins

    • The primary structure of a protein refers to the linear sequence of amino acids.

    Nucleosides: Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleosides consist of a nitrogenous base and a sugar molecule.

    Polypeptides vs. Proteins: Structural Hierarchy

    • Polypeptides are chains of amino acids, while proteins are polypeptides that have folded into specific three-dimensional structures.

    Polysaccharides: Complex Carbohydrates

    • Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of multiple monosaccharide units linked together.

    Monosaccharides: Simple Sugars

    • Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and are characterized by a single sugar unit.

    Peptide Bonds: Linking Amino Acids

    • Peptide bonds are the covalent bonds that link amino acids together in a polypeptide chain.

    Disaccharides: Sugar Pairs

    • Disaccharides are formed by the combination of two monosaccharides. Examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

    Oligosaccharides: Short Sugar Chains

    • Oligosaccharides are short chains of monosaccharides, typically containing 2 to 10 units. They play roles in cell recognition and signaling.

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