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In many cells, the structure that controls the cell's activities is the...
In many cells, the structure that controls the cell's activities is the...
Nucleolus
Despite differences in size and shape, at some point all cells have DNA and a...
Despite differences in size and shape, at some point all cells have DNA and a...
Cell Membrane
What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
A Nucleus
What are the contributions to the cell theory by Robert Hooke, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow?
What are the contributions to the cell theory by Robert Hooke, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow?
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If you wanted to observe a living organism–an amoeba, for example–which type of microscope would you use?
If you wanted to observe a living organism–an amoeba, for example–which type of microscope would you use?
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How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells alike, and how do they differ?
How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells alike, and how do they differ?
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In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes carrying genetic information are found in the...
In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes carrying genetic information are found in the...
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The organelles that break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules are called...
The organelles that break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules are called...
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Cell membranes consist mainly of...
Cell membranes consist mainly of...
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What is the function of a ribosome?
What is the function of a ribosome?
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Describe the role of the Golgi Apparatus.
Describe the role of the Golgi Apparatus.
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Which type of cell structure(s) might produce enzymes used in the pancreas?
Which type of cell structure(s) might produce enzymes used in the pancreas?
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Indicate if the structure is found only in eukaryotes or prokaryotes: cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, cytoplasm, and DNA.
Indicate if the structure is found only in eukaryotes or prokaryotes: cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, cytoplasm, and DNA.
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The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane is known as...
The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane is known as...
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A substance that moves by passive transport tends to move...
A substance that moves by passive transport tends to move...
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Describe the process of diffusion and explain equilibrium.
Describe the process of diffusion and explain equilibrium.
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What is the relationship between diffusion and osmosis? By definition, what is the only substance that undergoes osmosis?
What is the relationship between diffusion and osmosis? By definition, what is the only substance that undergoes osmosis?
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What is the difference between passive transport and active transport?
What is the difference between passive transport and active transport?
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What would happen to a sample of red blood cells if they were placed in a hypotonic solution?
What would happen to a sample of red blood cells if they were placed in a hypotonic solution?
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Design an experiment to determine the effects of temperature on the rate of diffusion.
Design an experiment to determine the effects of temperature on the rate of diffusion.
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Which of the following is true of ALL single-celled organisms?
Which of the following is true of ALL single-celled organisms?
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A tissue is composed of a group of...
A tissue is composed of a group of...
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Explain the relationship among cell specialization, multicellular organisms, and homeostasis.
Explain the relationship among cell specialization, multicellular organisms, and homeostasis.
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Describe the relationship among cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Describe the relationship among cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
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Would you expect skin cells to contain more or fewer mitochondria than muscle cells?
Would you expect skin cells to contain more or fewer mitochondria than muscle cells?
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If a person needs a pacemaker, what does that suggest about his or her heart cells' ability to send and receive chemical messages?
If a person needs a pacemaker, what does that suggest about his or her heart cells' ability to send and receive chemical messages?
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Classify each of the following cells as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
Classify each of the following cells as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
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Compare the sizes of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
Compare the sizes of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
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Is Chlamydomonas reinhardtii more likely a prokaryotic or eukaryotic organism?
Is Chlamydomonas reinhardtii more likely a prokaryotic or eukaryotic organism?
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Should companies that market high-solute drinks say that the drinks quench thirst?
Should companies that market high-solute drinks say that the drinks quench thirst?
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What is the relationship between active transport and homeostasis? Give one example of active transport in an organism.
What is the relationship between active transport and homeostasis? Give one example of active transport in an organism.
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By approximately what percentage is a molecule of carbon dioxide smaller than a molecule of glucose?
By approximately what percentage is a molecule of carbon dioxide smaller than a molecule of glucose?
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Based on the graph shown, what is a logical hypothesis?
Based on the graph shown, what is a logical hypothesis?
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Animal cells have all the following EXCEPT...
Animal cells have all the following EXCEPT...
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The nucleus includes all the following structures EXCEPT...
The nucleus includes all the following structures EXCEPT...
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The human brain is an example of a(n)...
The human brain is an example of a(n)...
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Which cell structures are sometimes found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum?
Which cell structures are sometimes found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum?
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Which process always involves the movement of materials from inside the cell to outside the cell?
Which process always involves the movement of materials from inside the cell to outside the cell?
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Which of the following is an example of active transport?
Which of the following is an example of active transport?
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The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells involves the presence of...
The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells involves the presence of...
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In this experiment, sucrose probably entered the cells by means of...
In this experiment, sucrose probably entered the cells by means of...
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The graph shows that as the concentration of sucrose increased from 10 to 30 mmol/L, the plant cells...
The graph shows that as the concentration of sucrose increased from 10 to 30 mmol/L, the plant cells...
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Based on the graph, the rate of sucrose uptake...
Based on the graph, the rate of sucrose uptake...
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What would you expect to happen if you placed a typical cell in fresh water?
What would you expect to happen if you placed a typical cell in fresh water?
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Study Notes
Cell Structures and Functions
- Nucleus: Controls cell activities, contains chromatin for DNA packaging and gene regulation, features a nucleolus for ribosomal RNA synthesis.
- Cell Membrane: Present in all cells, consists mostly of lipid bilayers, regulates the passage of materials.
- Chromosomes: In eukaryotic cells, these carry genetic information located within the nucleus.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, created by the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleolus, vital for cell function.
Types of Cells
- Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic: Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and organelles like mitochondria and Golgi apparatus; prokaryotic cells lack these structures and are generally smaller.
- Cellular Composition: Prokaryotes (e.g., E. coli) have simple structures, while eukaryotes (e.g., human ovum) possess complex organelles.
Cell Theory
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Key Contributors:
- Robert Hooke: First described cells in cork (1665).
- Matthias Schleiden: Proposed that plants are made of cells (1838).
- Theodor Schwann: Proposed that animals are composed of cells (1839).
- Rudolf Virchow: Asserted all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Transport Mechanisms
- Osmosis: Movement of water across selectively permeable membranes towards areas of higher solute concentration.
- Diffusion: Natural movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low, leading to equilibrium.
- Passive vs Active Transport: Passive transport does not require energy (e.g., diffusion), whereas active transport requires energy to move substances against concentration gradients.
Cellular Processes
- Endocytosis: Process used by cells to take in substances, including sucrose.
- Exocytosis: Movement of materials from inside the cell to the outside, essential for waste removal and secretion.
- Lysosomes: Organelles that break down complex molecules like lipids and proteins.
Relationships in Biological Systems
- Cell Specialization: In multicellular organisms, specialized cells work together to maintain homeostasis.
- Hierarchy of Biological Organization: Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs work together as organ systems.
Experimental Observations
- Influence of Temperature on Diffusion: Higher temperatures increase the rate of diffusion due to more molecular collisions.
- Impact of Solutions on Cells: Cells in hypotonic solutions can swell and burst due to excess water uptake.
Miscellaneous
- Size Comparison: Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells.
- Cell Types: Animal cells lack chloroplasts, while plants contain them for photosynthesis.
- Mitochondria Quantity: Muscle cells have more mitochondria than skin cells due to higher energy demands.
Sucrose Uptake Experiment
- Rate of Uptake: As sucrose concentration increases, plant cells absorb sucrose more rapidly until a plateau is reached.
Key Definitions
- Equilibrium: State where diffusion occurs at equal rates in both directions, resulting in no net change in concentration.
- Hypothesis Example: Hot water will cause food coloring to diffuse faster due to enhanced molecular activity.
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Description
Explore the fundamental components of cells, including their structures and functions. This quiz covers the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, molecular composition, and historical contributions to cell theory. Test your knowledge of key cellular concepts and definitions.
