8 Questions
Which cellular organelle is primarily responsible for modifying and sorting proteins within the cell?
Golgi Apparatus
In which part of the cell do light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?
Thylakoid membranes
Which system is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing waste products?
Circulatory System
What is the term for the physical expression of an organism's genotype?
Phenotype
Which law proposed by Mendel states that alleles for a trait separate during the formation of gametes?
Law of Segregation
The ecosystem service that involves processes such as climate regulation and disease control is categorized as which type?
Regulating
Which part of the ecosystem includes non-living components such as air, water, and soil?
Abiotic Factors
The cytoskeleton in a cell is responsible for which of the following functions?
Providing structural support and movement
Study Notes
Cell Structure
- Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable, regulates what enters/leaves cell
- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance inside cell membrane, site of metabolic reactions
- Nucleus: Controls cell growth/division, contains DNA
- Mitochondria: Generates energy for cell through cellular respiration
- Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis
- Lysosomes: Breaks down/digests cellular waste and foreign substances
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies/sorts proteins, forms vesicles
- Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support, shape, and movement
Photosynthesis
-
Light-Dependent Reactions:
- Occur in thylakoid membranes
- Light energy converted to ATP and NADPH
-
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle):
- Occur in stroma
- CO2 fixed into glucose using ATP and NADPH
- Overall Equation: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2
Human Body Systems
- Nervous System: Controls body functions, interprets sensory info
- Circulatory System: Transports oxygen/nutrients to cells, removes waste
- Respiratory System: Exchanges oxygen/CO2 through breathing
- Digestive System: Breaks down food into nutrients for absorption
- Immune System: Defends against pathogens/diseases
- Endocrine System: Produces hormones regulating growth/development
- Muscular System: Moves body parts, maintains posture
- Skeletal System: Supports/provides structure for body
Genetics
-
DNA:
- Double helix structure
- Contains genetic info for traits
- Genes: Segments of DNA coding for specific traits
- Genotype: Genetic makeup (DNA sequence)
- Phenotype: Physical expression of genotype
-
Mendel's Laws:
- Law of Segregation
- Law of Independent Assortment
- Law of Dominance
Ecosystem
- Biotic Factors: Living components (organisms)
- Abiotic Factors: Non-living components (environment)
-
Ecosystem Services:
- Provisioning (food, water, etc.)
- Regulating (climate, disease, etc.)
- Cultural (recreational, spiritual, etc.)
-
Food Webs:
- Energy flows from producers to consumers
- Decomposers break down organic matter
-
Trophic Levels:
- Producers (plants, algae)
- Primary consumers (herbivores)
- Secondary consumers (omnivores, carnivores)
- Tertiary consumers (apex predators)
Cell Structure
- Cell membrane: semi-permeable, regulates what enters and leaves the cell
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside cell membrane, site of metabolic reactions
- Nucleus: controls cell growth and division, contains DNA
- Mitochondria: generates energy for cell through cellular respiration
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- Lysosomes: breaks down and digests cellular waste and foreign substances
- Golgi apparatus: modifies and sorts proteins, forms vesicles
- Cytoskeleton: provides structural support, shape, and movement
Photosynthesis
- Light-dependent reactions: occur in thylakoid membranes, light energy converted to ATP and NADPH
- Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle): occur in stroma, CO2 fixed into glucose using ATP and NADPH
- Overall equation: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2
Human Body Systems
- Nervous system: controls body functions, interprets sensory information
- Circulatory system: transports oxygen and nutrients to cells, removes waste
- Respiratory system: exchanges oxygen and CO2 through breathing
- Digestive system: breaks down food into nutrients for absorption
- Immune system: defends against pathogens and diseases
- Endocrine system: produces hormones regulating growth and development
- Muscular system: moves body parts, maintains posture
- Skeletal system: supports and provides structure for body
Genetics
- DNA: double helix structure, contains genetic information for traits
- Genes: segments of DNA coding for specific traits
- Genotype: genetic makeup (DNA sequence)
- Phenotype: physical expression of genotype
- Mendel's Laws:
- Law of Segregation
- Law of Independent Assortment
- Law of Dominance
Ecosystem
- Biotic factors: living components (organisms)
- Abiotic factors: non-living components (environment)
- Ecosystem services:
- Provisioning (food, water, etc.)
- Regulating (climate, disease, etc.)
- Cultural (recreational, spiritual, etc.)
- Food webs: energy flows from producers to consumers
- Decomposers break down organic matter
- Trophic levels:
- Producers (plants, algae)
- Primary consumers (herbivores)
- Secondary consumers (omnivores, carnivores)
- Tertiary consumers (apex predators)
Test your knowledge of cell components and their functions. Learn about the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and more!
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