Cell Biology and Structure
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

  • To separate the cell from its environment (correct)
  • To generate energy for the cell
  • To synthesize proteins
  • To break down cellular waste

    • What is the site of protein synthesis in a cell?

  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Ribosomes (correct)
  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum

    • What is the process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell?

  • Meiosis (correct)
  • Mitosis
  • Active Transport
  • Passive Transport

    • What is the purpose of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>To break down and recycle cellular waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus in a cell?

    <p>To modify and package proteins and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the series of molecular interactions that allow cells to respond to stimuli?

    <p>Signal Transduction Pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

    <p>To control cell growth and division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of viruses?

    <p>They are composed of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of bacteria?

    <p>Their cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of fungi?

    <p>Yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of protozoa in the ecosystem?

    <p>Decompose organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of viruses in the infection process?

    <p>They attach to the host cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of bacteria?

    <p>Gram-positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of fungi?

    <p>They are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of protozoa?

    <p>They are motile, single-celled organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Biology

    Cell Structure

    • Plasma Membrane: Semi-permeable membrane separating cell from environment
    • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance inside cell where metabolic reactions occur
    • Cytosol: Liquid component of cytoplasm where metabolic reactions occur
    • Organelles: Specialized structures within cell performing specific functions
    • Nucleus: Controls cell growth, division, and contains genetic material (DNA)

    Cell Organelles

    • Mitochondria: Generates energy for cell through cellular respiration
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Synthesizes and transports proteins and lipids
    • Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis
    • Lysosomes: Contains digestive enzymes to break down and recycle cellular waste
    • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport

    Cell Transport

    • Passive Transport: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy
      • Diffusion: Random movement of molecules to equalize concentration
      • Osmosis: Movement of water molecules through selectively permeable membrane
    • Active Transport: Movement of molecules against concentration gradient using energy
      • Carrier Proteins: Transport molecules across membrane using ATP

    Cell Division

    • Mitosis: Process of cell division resulting in two daughter cells with same number of chromosomes as parent cell
    • Meiosis: Process of cell division resulting in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell

    Cell Signaling

    • Signal Transduction Pathways: Series of molecular interactions allowing cells to respond to stimuli
    • Receptors: Proteins on cell surface or within cell that respond to signaling molecules

    Cell Biology

    Cell Structure

    • Plasma Membrane: Semipermeable membrane separating cell from environment, regulating what enters and leaves the cell.
    • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance inside cell where metabolic reactions occur, maintaining cellular shape and provides mechanical support.
    • Cytosol: Liquid component of cytoplasm where metabolic reactions occur, making up about 70% of cell volume.
    • Organelles: Specialized structures within cell performing specific functions, each with unique composition and function.
    • Nucleus: Controls cell growth, division, and contains genetic material (DNA), serving as the cell's genetic library.

    Cell Organelles

    • Mitochondria: Generates energy for cell through cellular respiration, producing ATP through aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Synthesizes and transports proteins and lipids, with two types: rough ER (with ribosomes) and smooth ER (without ribosomes).
    • Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis, reading messenger RNA (mRNA) to assemble amino acids into polypeptides.
    • Lysosomes: Contains digestive enzymes to break down and recycle cellular waste, maintaining cellular cleanliness.
    • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport, adding carbohydrates to form glycoproteins and lipids to form lipoproteins.

    Cell Transport

    • Passive Transport: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy, driven by kinetic energy and concentration gradient.
      • Diffusion: Random movement of molecules to equalize concentration, increasing entropy and disorder.
      • Osmosis: Movement of water molecules through selectively permeable membrane, equalizing solute concentrations.
    • Active Transport: Movement of molecules against concentration gradient using energy, requiring ATP or other energy sources.
      • Carrier Proteins: Transport molecules across membrane using ATP, often involving specific binding and conformational changes.

    Cell Division

    • Mitosis: Process of cell division resulting in two daughter cells with same number of chromosomes as parent cell, maintaining genetic consistency.
    • Meiosis: Process of cell division resulting in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell, shuffling genetic information.

    Cell Signaling

    • Signal Transduction Pathways: Series of molecular interactions allowing cells to respond to stimuli, involving receptors, signaling molecules, and response elements.
    • Receptors: Proteins on cell surface or within cell that respond to signaling molecules, recognizing specific ligands or signals.

    Microorganisms

    Viruses

    • Definition: Small, infectious particles that replicate inside cells of living organisms
    • Characteristics:
      • Not considered living cells
      • Composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat
      • Can only replicate inside host cells
    • Types: DNA viruses (e.g., herpesvirus, poxvirus) and RNA viruses (e.g., influenza virus, HIV)
    • Infection process: Attachment to host cell, penetration of host cell membrane, uncoating of viral genome, replication of viral genome, and assembly and release of new viral particles

    Bacteria

    • Definition: Single-celled, prokaryotic microorganisms that lack a true nucleus
    • Characteristics:
      • Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (also known as murein)
      • Genetic material is a single circular chromosome
      • Can be autotrophic (produce own food) or heterotrophic (obtain food from environment)
    • Types: Gram-positive (e.g., Staphylococcus, Bacillus) and Gram-negative (e.g., Escherichia, Pseudomonas)
    • Importance: Decomposition and nutrient cycling, food production (e.g., yogurt, cheese), and human health (e.g., gut microbiome)

    Fungi

    • Definition: Eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that obtain food by decomposing organic matter or forming symbiotic relationships
    • Characteristics:
      • Cell wall composed of chitin
      • Multicellular or single-celled (e.g., yeast)
      • Can form mycorrhizal relationships with plants
    • Types: Mushrooms (e.g., Agaricus, Boletus), Molds (e.g., Aspergillus, Penicillium), and Yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces)
    • Importance: Decomposition and nutrient cycling, food production (e.g., bread, wine), and medicine (e.g., antibiotics, vaccines)

    Protozoa

    • Definition: Single-celled, eukaryotic microorganisms that feed on bacteria, other microorganisms, or organic matter
    • Characteristics:
      • Motile (capable of movement)
      • Feed using pseudopodia (e.g., Amoeba) or flagella (e.g., Giardia)
      • Can form cysts for survival
    • Types: Amoebas (e.g., Amoeba proteus), Flagellates (e.g., Giardia, Trichomonas), and Ciliates (e.g., Paramecium)
    • Importance: Decomposition and nutrient cycling, human health (e.g., intestinal parasites)

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    Test your knowledge of cell biology, including the structure and functions of cell components such as the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles.

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