12 Questions
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in both animal and plant cells?
Aerobic respiration
What is the main function of the cell wall in plant cells?
To prevent plant cells from bursting
What is the function of the nucleus in both animal and plant cells?
To control cell division and development
What is the purpose of the vacuole in plant cells?
To help keep plant cells firm
What is the primary function of ribosomes in both animal, plant, and bacterial cells?
To synthesize proteins
What happens to cells when they become specialized?
They do one special job and develop a distinct shape
What is the term used to describe the specialisation of cells in an organism?
Division of labour
What is the function of ciliated cells in the human body?
To create a stream of fluid to remove dust and bacteria
What is unique about the structure of root hair cells?
They have hair-like projections
What is the function of palisade mesophyll cells?
To make food for the plant through photosynthesis
What is the function of nerve cells?
To conduct electrical impulses
Which type of cell is found underneath the upper epidermis of plant leaves?
Palisade mesophyll cells
Study Notes
Cell Structure and Organisation
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance containing particles and organelles, surrounded by the cell membrane, where chemical reactions take place
- Cell membrane: partially permeable, forms a boundary around the cytoplasm, prevents cell contents from escaping, controls what substances enter and leave the cell
- Nucleus: circular or oval structure containing DNA in the form of chromosomes, controls cell division, development, and cell activities
- Mitochondria: circular, oval, or slipper-shaped organelles, responsible for aerobic respiration
- Ribosomes: small, circular structures attached to the membrane or lying free, responsible for protein synthesis
Plant Cells
- Cell wall: tough, non-living layer made of cellulose, surrounding the cell membrane, prevents plant cells from bursting, allows water and salts to pass through (freely permeable)
- Vacuole: fluid-filled space surrounded by a membrane, contains salt and sugars, helps to keep plant cells firm
- Chloroplast: organelle containing chlorophyll, traps light energy for photosynthesis
Bacterial Cells
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance containing particles and organelles, surrounded by the cell membrane
- Cell membrane: partially permeable, forms a boundary around the cytoplasm, prevents cell contents from escaping, controls what substances enter and leave the cell
- Circular DNA: single circular chromosome, controls cell division, development, and cell activities
- Plasmids: small, circular pieces of DNA, contain genes that carry genetic information for survival and reproduction
- Ribosomes: small, circular structures, responsible for protein synthesis
- Cell wall: tough, non-living layer (not made of cellulose), prevents cell from bursting, allows water and salts to pass through (freely permeable)
Specialisation of Cells
- When cells finish dividing and growing, they become specialised and have specific functions
- Specialised cells perform one special job, develop a distinct shape, and undergo special kinds of chemical changes in their cytoplasm
- Examples of specialised cells:
- Ciliated cells: form the lining of the nose and windpipe, with cilia that create a stream of fluid carrying dust and bacteria away from the lungs
- Root hair cells: absorb water and minerals salts from the soil
- Palisade mesophyll cells: found in plant leaves, columnar and packed with chloroplasts for photosynthesis
- Nerve cells: conduct electrical impulses along the fibre, connecting distant parts of the body to the CNS
This quiz covers the parts of animal and plant cells, including the cell membrane and cytoplasm, and their functions. Learn about the structure and organisation of cells in this chapter.
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