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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in both animal and plant cells?
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in both animal and plant cells?
What is the main function of the cell wall in plant cells?
What is the main function of the cell wall in plant cells?
What is the function of the nucleus in both animal and plant cells?
What is the function of the nucleus in both animal and plant cells?
What is the purpose of the vacuole in plant cells?
What is the purpose of the vacuole in plant cells?
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What is the primary function of ribosomes in both animal, plant, and bacterial cells?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in both animal, plant, and bacterial cells?
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What happens to cells when they become specialized?
What happens to cells when they become specialized?
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What is the term used to describe the specialisation of cells in an organism?
What is the term used to describe the specialisation of cells in an organism?
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What is the function of ciliated cells in the human body?
What is the function of ciliated cells in the human body?
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What is unique about the structure of root hair cells?
What is unique about the structure of root hair cells?
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What is the function of palisade mesophyll cells?
What is the function of palisade mesophyll cells?
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What is the function of nerve cells?
What is the function of nerve cells?
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Which type of cell is found underneath the upper epidermis of plant leaves?
Which type of cell is found underneath the upper epidermis of plant leaves?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Organisation
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance containing particles and organelles, surrounded by the cell membrane, where chemical reactions take place
- Cell membrane: partially permeable, forms a boundary around the cytoplasm, prevents cell contents from escaping, controls what substances enter and leave the cell
- Nucleus: circular or oval structure containing DNA in the form of chromosomes, controls cell division, development, and cell activities
- Mitochondria: circular, oval, or slipper-shaped organelles, responsible for aerobic respiration
- Ribosomes: small, circular structures attached to the membrane or lying free, responsible for protein synthesis
Plant Cells
- Cell wall: tough, non-living layer made of cellulose, surrounding the cell membrane, prevents plant cells from bursting, allows water and salts to pass through (freely permeable)
- Vacuole: fluid-filled space surrounded by a membrane, contains salt and sugars, helps to keep plant cells firm
- Chloroplast: organelle containing chlorophyll, traps light energy for photosynthesis
Bacterial Cells
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance containing particles and organelles, surrounded by the cell membrane
- Cell membrane: partially permeable, forms a boundary around the cytoplasm, prevents cell contents from escaping, controls what substances enter and leave the cell
- Circular DNA: single circular chromosome, controls cell division, development, and cell activities
- Plasmids: small, circular pieces of DNA, contain genes that carry genetic information for survival and reproduction
- Ribosomes: small, circular structures, responsible for protein synthesis
- Cell wall: tough, non-living layer (not made of cellulose), prevents cell from bursting, allows water and salts to pass through (freely permeable)
Specialisation of Cells
- When cells finish dividing and growing, they become specialised and have specific functions
- Specialised cells perform one special job, develop a distinct shape, and undergo special kinds of chemical changes in their cytoplasm
- Examples of specialised cells:
- Ciliated cells: form the lining of the nose and windpipe, with cilia that create a stream of fluid carrying dust and bacteria away from the lungs
- Root hair cells: absorb water and minerals salts from the soil
- Palisade mesophyll cells: found in plant leaves, columnar and packed with chloroplasts for photosynthesis
- Nerve cells: conduct electrical impulses along the fibre, connecting distant parts of the body to the CNS
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Description
This quiz covers the parts of animal and plant cells, including the cell membrane and cytoplasm, and their functions. Learn about the structure and organisation of cells in this chapter.
