Cell Structure

Plasma membrane: semi-permeable membrane that separates the cell from its environment
Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes take place
Nucleus: control center of the cell where DNA is stored
Mitochondria: organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis and transport
Ribosomes: small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm, responsible for protein synthesis
Lysosomes: membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes and help break down and recycle cellular waste
Golgi apparatus: complex of flattened sacs and tubules involved in protein modification and transport

Metabolism: cells carry out a variety of chemical reactions to maintain homeostasis and energy production
Growth and Development: cells grow, divide, and differentiate to form tissues and organs
Response to Stimuli: cells respond to external stimuli, such as light, temperature, and touch
Waste Management: cells recycle and eliminate waste products
Reproduction: cells divide to produce new cells

Prokaryotic cells: lack a true nucleus, found in bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic cells: have a true nucleus, found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists
Stem cells: undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells
Differentiated cells: specialized cells that perform specific functions

Interphase: period of cell growth and preparation for cell division
Mitosis: process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Cytokinesis: process of cell division that results in the physical separation of the daughter cells

Plasma membrane is semi-permeable, regulating what enters and leaves the cell
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where metabolic processes take place, maintaining cellular activities
Nucleus is the control center, storing DNA and regulating cellular functions
Mitochondria generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis and transport, modifying and packaging proteins
Ribosomes are small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm, responsible for protein synthesis by translating mRNA into amino acid chains
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, breaking down and recycling cellular waste and foreign substances
Golgi apparatus is a complex of flattened sacs and tubules, modifying and transporting proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell

Metabolic reactions occur in cells to maintain homeostasis and energy production, involving glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
Cells grow, divide, and differentiate to form tissues and organs, driven by signaling pathways and gene expression
Cells respond to external stimuli, such as light, temperature, and touch, through signaling pathways and gene regulation
Waste management involves the breakdown and recycling of cellular waste and foreign substances, preventing toxicity and maintaining cellular health
Reproduction involves cell division, resulting in new cells that can further grow, divide, and differentiate

Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus, with genetic material floating in the cytoplasm, characteristic of bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus, separating genetic material from the cytoplasm, characteristic of plants, animals, fungi, and protists
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells, playing a crucial role in development and tissue repair
Differentiated cells are specialized cells that perform specific functions, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells

Interphase is the period of cell growth and preparation for cell division, involving G1, S, and G2 phases
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, involving prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Cytokinesis is the process of cell division that results in the physical separation of the daughter cells, occurring after mitosis