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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
- Presence of mitochondria
- Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus
- Single circular chromosome (correct)
- Multiple linear chromosomes
Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.
True (A)
What are plasmids and where are they typically found?
What are plasmids and where are they typically found?
Plasmids are small extra-chromosomal DNA molecules found in prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes have a __________ nucleus, while prokaryotes do not.
Eukaryotes have a __________ nucleus, while prokaryotes do not.
Match the type of cell with its characteristics:
Match the type of cell with its characteristics:
Which of the following organelles are absent in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following organelles are absent in prokaryotic cells?
What is the principal component of cell walls in plant cells?
What is the principal component of cell walls in plant cells?
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain plasmids.
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain plasmids.
Chloroplasts are responsible for cellular respiration in plant cells.
Chloroplasts are responsible for cellular respiration in plant cells.
What is chitin made of?
What is chitin made of?
What is the main difference between fission and mitosis?
What is the main difference between fission and mitosis?
Bacterial cell walls are primarily made of __________.
Bacterial cell walls are primarily made of __________.
Match the following cell types with their corresponding cell wall components:
Match the following cell types with their corresponding cell wall components:
Which structure is typically absent in prokaryotic cells that is present in eukaryotic cells?
Which structure is typically absent in prokaryotic cells that is present in eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells always possess a cell wall.
Prokaryotic cells always possess a cell wall.
What are ribosomes primarily responsible for in prokaryotic cells?
What are ribosomes primarily responsible for in prokaryotic cells?
The cell wall of most bacteria is made of __________.
The cell wall of most bacteria is made of __________.
Match the following structures with their functions in bacterial cells:
Match the following structures with their functions in bacterial cells:
Which of the following organelles is absent in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following organelles is absent in prokaryotic cells?
Animal cells possess cell walls.
Animal cells possess cell walls.
In what part of the prokaryotic cell is the chromosome located?
In what part of the prokaryotic cell is the chromosome located?
Pili may be associated with __________ in pathogenic bacteria.
Pili may be associated with __________ in pathogenic bacteria.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the composition of bacterial capsules?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the composition of bacterial capsules?
What is a key difference between plant cells and animal cells regarding centrosomes?
What is a key difference between plant cells and animal cells regarding centrosomes?
Eukaryotic cells reproduce via mitosis.
Eukaryotic cells reproduce via mitosis.
What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?
What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?
The __________ is the organelle where genetic information is stored in eukaryotic cells.
The __________ is the organelle where genetic information is stored in eukaryotic cells.
Match the following components to their respective cell types:
Match the following components to their respective cell types:
Which of the following structures are essential for locomotion in eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following structures are essential for locomotion in eukaryotic cells?
Animal cells contain chloroplasts.
Animal cells contain chloroplasts.
Which type of RNA is synthesized in the nucleus from DNA?
Which type of RNA is synthesized in the nucleus from DNA?
The nuclear envelope consists of __________ lipid bilayers.
The nuclear envelope consists of __________ lipid bilayers.
Which of the following is NOT present in plant cells?
Which of the following is NOT present in plant cells?
What is one of the primary functions of peroxisomes?
What is one of the primary functions of peroxisomes?
Centrosomes are present in both plant and animal cells.
Centrosomes are present in both plant and animal cells.
What significant cycle occurs in germinating plant seeds?
What significant cycle occurs in germinating plant seeds?
Peroxisomes are involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids, as well as a variety of ______.
Peroxisomes are involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids, as well as a variety of ______.
Match the following cellular structures with their functions:
Match the following cellular structures with their functions:
Why do vacuoles often get associated specifically with plants?
Why do vacuoles often get associated specifically with plants?
Both plant and animal cells can have vacuoles.
Both plant and animal cells can have vacuoles.
What structure is composed of a pair of centrioles?
What structure is composed of a pair of centrioles?
The central vacuole in plant cells helps maintain ______ pressure.
The central vacuole in plant cells helps maintain ______ pressure.
At which pH are enzymes in peroxisomes optimally active?
At which pH are enzymes in peroxisomes optimally active?
What is one of the primary functions of peroxisomes?
What is one of the primary functions of peroxisomes?
Vacuoles are only found in plant cells.
Vacuoles are only found in plant cells.
What cycle takes place in germinating seeds?
What cycle takes place in germinating seeds?
The centrosome consists of a pair of __________.
The centrosome consists of a pair of __________.
Match the following organelle functions with their respective organelles:
Match the following organelle functions with their respective organelles:
Which of the following statements about prokaryotic cells is true?
Which of the following statements about prokaryotic cells is true?
Animal cells typically possess cell walls.
Animal cells typically possess cell walls.
What is the primary component of the bacterial cell wall?
What is the primary component of the bacterial cell wall?
Prokaryotic cells lack __________ nuclei, which differentiates them from eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells lack __________ nuclei, which differentiates them from eukaryotic cells.
Match the following structures found in bacterial cells with their respective functions:
Match the following structures found in bacterial cells with their respective functions:
Which of the following organelles are typically found in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following organelles are typically found in prokaryotic cells?
All prokaryotic cells are unicellular organisms.
All prokaryotic cells are unicellular organisms.
In which part of a prokaryotic cell is the genetic material located?
In which part of a prokaryotic cell is the genetic material located?
The __________ surrounding a bacterial cell wall is often composed of hydrated polysaccharides.
The __________ surrounding a bacterial cell wall is often composed of hydrated polysaccharides.
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of ribosomes?
What is the primary function of ribosomes?
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is called rough because it is smooth in appearance.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is called rough because it is smooth in appearance.
What type of proteins do free ribosomes typically produce?
What type of proteins do free ribosomes typically produce?
The nucleolus is primarily involved in the synthesis of ______.
The nucleolus is primarily involved in the synthesis of ______.
Which structure is associated with the synthesis of glycoproteins?
Which structure is associated with the synthesis of glycoproteins?
Ribosomes are found only in eukaryotic cells.
Ribosomes are found only in eukaryotic cells.
Where are proteins synthesized that are destined to be secreted outside the cell?
Where are proteins synthesized that are destined to be secreted outside the cell?
Ribosomes catalyze the formation of ______ bonds between amino acids.
Ribosomes catalyze the formation of ______ bonds between amino acids.
Match the following organelles with their main functions:
Match the following organelles with their main functions:
What distinguishes the rough endoplasmic reticulum from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What distinguishes the rough endoplasmic reticulum from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Mitochondria are responsible for making ATP in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Mitochondria are responsible for making ATP in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
What process occurs in the Golgi apparatus?
What process occurs in the Golgi apparatus?
The ______ cycle is also known as the Krebs cycle.
The ______ cycle is also known as the Krebs cycle.
Match each structure with its function:
Match each structure with its function:
Which of the following best describes a role of the liver in relation to smooth ER?
Which of the following best describes a role of the liver in relation to smooth ER?
Proteins synthesized in the rough ER are packaged directly into lysosomes.
Proteins synthesized in the rough ER are packaged directly into lysosomes.
What is the primary energy currency of the cell?
What is the primary energy currency of the cell?
In eukaryotes, pyruvate is converted into _____ before entering the citric acid cycle.
In eukaryotes, pyruvate is converted into _____ before entering the citric acid cycle.
What occurs to proteins destined for secretion after they leave the Golgi apparatus?
What occurs to proteins destined for secretion after they leave the Golgi apparatus?
What type of cells have a membrane-bound nucleus?
What type of cells have a membrane-bound nucleus?
Prokaryotes are known to have multiple linear chromosomes.
Prokaryotes are known to have multiple linear chromosomes.
What are the two major types of cells discussed?
What are the two major types of cells discussed?
Eukaryotic cells contain __________ for energy production, while prokaryotic cells lack this organelle.
Eukaryotic cells contain __________ for energy production, while prokaryotic cells lack this organelle.
Match the cell type with its characteristic.
Match the cell type with its characteristic.
Which of the following features is unique to eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following features is unique to eukaryotic cells?
Plasmids are commonly found in eukaryotic cells.
Plasmids are commonly found in eukaryotic cells.
What is the function of telomeres in eukaryotic chromosomes?
What is the function of telomeres in eukaryotic chromosomes?
Study Notes
Cell Types and Structure
- Two major types of cells: prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- Prokaryotes include bacteria, characterized by the absence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotes include fungi, plant cells, and animal cells, featuring a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Golgi apparatus.
Nucleus and Chromosome Structure
- Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome located in the cytoplasm, devoid of ends or telomeres.
- Eukaryotic cells have multiple linear chromosomes within the nucleus, typically organized as 23 pairs in humans (46 total chromosomes).
- Eukaryotic chromosomes end in telomeres unlike prokaryotic chromosomes.
Genetic Information and Reproduction
- Prokaryotes reproduce via binary fission with no mitotic phases or microtubule organizing centers.
- Eukaryotes undergo mitosis, involving complex processes such as prophase and metaphase, with centrosomes acting as microtubule organizing centers in animal cells.
Cell Wall Composition
- Prokaryotic cell walls are primarily composed of peptidoglycan, whereas plant cell walls are made of cellulose and fungal cell walls are made of chitin.
- Animal cells lack cell walls, making them more susceptible to osmotic lysis, unlike plant cells that maintain turgor pressure.
Bacterial Cell Structure
- Bacterial cells possess ribosomes, a plasma membrane, and a cell wall, with additional features like capsules, pilli, and flagella.
- Capsules are polysaccharide layers providing protection, while pilli assist in adhesion, especially important for pathogenic bacteria.
- Flagella in prokaryotes differ in structure from those in eukaryotes, being made of flagellin in bacteria.
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles
- The nucleus stores genetic information, where DNA transcription occurs, and messenger RNA is transported via nuclear pores.
- Peroxisomes breakdown hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species, fatty acids, and amino acids, with special functions in seed germination.
- Centrosomes, containing centrioles, serve as microtubule organizing centers during mitosis; absent in plant cells.
Vacuoles and Their Functions
- Both plant and animal cells contain vacuoles for nutrient storage, though plant cells have a prominent central vacuole primarily for water storage.
- The large central vacuole in plant cells may occupy over half the cell volume, maintaining turgor pressure.
Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis
- Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs; they contain their own DNA supporting endosymbiotic theory.
Summary of Cell Wall Differences
- Plant cell walls are made of cellulose, fungal cell walls from chitin, and bacterial cell walls from peptidoglycan.
- Prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in cell wall composition, influencing strength, rigidity, and resistance to osmotic stress.
Cell Types and Structure
- Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms without a nucleus (e.g., bacteria).
- Eukaryotes possess a membrane-bound nucleus (e.g., fungi, plant, and animal cells).
- Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome located in the cytoplasm, whereas eukaryotic cells have multiple linear chromosomes within the nucleus.
- Eukaryotic chromosomes end with telomeres, while prokaryotic chromosomes do not.
Organelles and Components
- Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.
- Ribosomes, present in both cell types, are crucial for protein synthesis.
- Eukaryotic ribosomes can be free or associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER).
- The endoplasmic reticulum includes:
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, synthesizes glycoproteins for membrane integration or secretion.
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis, steroid hormone production, and toxin breakdown in liver cells.
Golgi Apparatus
- Functions as the shipping and packaging center of the cell.
- Receives proteins from the rough ER, modifies them further (e.g., glycosylation), and dispatches them to their destinations.
Mitochondria and Energy Production
- Mitochondria are exclusive to eukaryotic cells and play a key role in ATP synthesis.
- Prokaryotes primarily rely on glycolysis for energy production, while eukaryotes utilize glycolysis followed by the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain for efficient ATP generation.
Peroxisomes
- Organelles responsible for breaking down hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species.
- Involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids, and also detoxify various substances.
- The glyoxylate cycle occurs in germinating seeds, aiding in the production of larger carbohydrates.
Centrosomes and Cell Division
- Centrosomes consist of a pair of centrioles and act as microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) during cell division.
- The spindle apparatus is formed from microtubules originating from centrosomes.
Vacuoles
- Vacuoles are membrane-bound structures found in both plant and animal cells for nutrient storage.
- Plant cells typically contain a large central vacuole that maintains turgor pressure, primarily storing water and nutrients.
- Vacuoles play a crucial role in maintaining cell homeostasis and storage functions across different cell types.
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Description
This quiz focuses on understanding the fundamental differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Explore cellular structures, functions, and the importance of the nucleus in cellular biology. Test your knowledge on the characteristics of bacteria, fungi, plant, and animal cells.
