Cell Structure and Organelles Quiz

Comparison of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells, Organelles, and the Endomembrane System

• Eukaryotic cells have a DNA enclosed in a nuclear envelope and many specialized organelles, while prokaryotic cells have a single chromosome in the center of the cell with no nuclear envelope.
• Animal cells and plant cells are structurally similar, but plant cells have additional components such as a cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and specialized vacuoles for storing water.
• Cell fractionation is a method used to separate organelles within a cell by using centrifugal forces to break the cell apart and separate the organelles.
• Eukaryotic cells have many specialized organelles, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, and various other organelles. Animal cells also have a cytoplasm, while plant cells have additional organelles like chloroplasts and specialized vacuoles.
• The nucleus controls and stores hereditary characteristics of the organism, aids in protein synthesis, cell division, growth, and differentiation, and contains the nucleolus, nucleoplasm, chromatin, and nuclear pores.
• The endomembrane system is composed of a group of membranes and organelles that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.
• The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and cell membranes.
• The ER is divided into two types: rough ER, which is covered in ribosomes and produces proteins, and smooth ER, which does not contain ribosomes and is responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification.
• Ribosomes are found throughout the cell and are responsible for building proteins.
• The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced by the ER, packages them into vesicles, and sends them to the correct locations using small molecules as "postage stamps."
• Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles filled with digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
• Cell membranes separate the cell from its external environment and are composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and carbohydrates.

Comparison of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells, Organelles, and Endomembrane System

• Eukaryotic cells have DNA enclosed in a nuclear envelope and many specialized organelles, while prokaryotic cells have one chromosome in the center of the cell and no nuclear envelope.
• Plant cells have additional components compared to animal cells, such as a cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and specialized vacuoles for storing water.
• Cell fractionation is a method used to separate organelles within a cell using centrifugal forces to break the cell apart and separate the organelles.
• Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and various specialized organelles.
• Animal cells have additional organelles compared to plant cells, such as lysosomes and peroxisomes.
• The nucleus controls and stores hereditary characteristics, aids in protein synthesis, cell division, growth, and differentiation, and has various components like the nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nucleoplasm, chromatin, and nuclear pores.
• The endomembrane system is composed of membranes and organelles that modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins within the cell, including the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and cell membranes.
• The ER has two parts: rough ER, covered in ribosomes and responsible for protein production, and smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
• Ribosomes are responsible for building proteins and are found throughout the cell.
• The Golgi apparatus processes proteins from the ER, packages them into vesicles, and sends them to the correct locations using small molecules as "postage stamps."
• Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris within the cell.
• Cell membranes separate the cell from its external environment and are composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and carbohydrates.