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Questions and Answers
The cell membrane is primarily composed of which of the following?
The cell membrane is primarily composed of which of the following?
Active transport moves molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Active transport moves molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
False (B)
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
ribosomes
The rigid structure found in plant cells, providing structural support is called the ______.
The rigid structure found in plant cells, providing structural support is called the ______.
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Match the following cell cycle phases with their primary function:
Match the following cell cycle phases with their primary function:
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Which of the following molecules can diffuse directly across the cell membrane?
Which of the following molecules can diffuse directly across the cell membrane?
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Mitosis occurs in germ cells.
Mitosis occurs in germ cells.
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Where does the processing and packaging of products from the endoplasmic reticulum occur?
Where does the processing and packaging of products from the endoplasmic reticulum occur?
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Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication, leading to a doubling of the amount of genetic information?
Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication, leading to a doubling of the amount of genetic information?
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Mitosis results in four genetically identical daughter cells.
Mitosis results in four genetically identical daughter cells.
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What type of cells does mitosis occur in?
What type of cells does mitosis occur in?
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During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material in a process called ______.
During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material in a process called ______.
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Match the nitrogenous base with its complementary base pair in DNA.
Match the nitrogenous base with its complementary base pair in DNA.
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What fluorescent protein emits bright green fluorescence when illuminated with blue or UV light?
What fluorescent protein emits bright green fluorescence when illuminated with blue or UV light?
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The number of chromosomes doubles during the S phase of the cell cycle.
The number of chromosomes doubles during the S phase of the cell cycle.
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What is the formula to calculate cells produced after a series of divisions, using 'n' to represent the number of divisions?
What is the formula to calculate cells produced after a series of divisions, using 'n' to represent the number of divisions?
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During metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes line up ______, not in pairs.
During metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes line up ______, not in pairs.
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Which of the following characterizes the 5' of a DNA strand?
Which of the following characterizes the 5' of a DNA strand?
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Flashcards
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
A double-layered structure that controls substance entry and exit.
Phospholipid bilayer
Phospholipid bilayer
Structure of the cell membrane with phosphate heads outside and fatty acid tails inside.
Diffusion
Diffusion
Passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration across the membrane.
Osmosis
Osmosis
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Active transport
Active transport
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G1 phase
G1 phase
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Mitosis
Mitosis
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Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
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Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
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Chromosome Count
Chromosome Count
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Mitosis Purpose
Mitosis Purpose
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Meiosis Overview
Meiosis Overview
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Recombination
Recombination
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DNA Structure
DNA Structure
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Nucleotides
Nucleotides
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Complementary Base Pairing
Complementary Base Pairing
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5' and 3' Ends
5' and 3' Ends
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DNA Probe
DNA Probe
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Study Notes
Cell Structure
- Cell membrane is often referred to as the phospholipid bilayer.
- Cell membrane is a double-layered structure with phosphate groups on the outside and inside.
- Phosphate groups are polar and water-loving, directing them towards water.
- Fatty acids are non-polar and water-hating, directing them inwards away from the water.
- Cell membrane is semi-permeable, controlling what passes through.
- Only small and non-polar molecules can directly pass through the membrane.
- Examples of diffusible molecules include water, sodium, potassium, small ions, oxygen, and some gases.
Membrane Transport Mechanisms
- Diffusion: Passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration across the membrane.
- Osmosis: Diffusion of water across the membrane, moving from low to high solute concentration.
- Facilitated diffusion: Uses membrane proteins to assist molecule transfer.
- Active transport: Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient (low to high), requiring ATP.
Organelles
- Nucleus: Contains genetic information (DNA).
- Ribosomes: Responsible for protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Manufacturing plant of the cell, producing carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
- Golgi apparatus: Processes and packages products from the ER.
- Chloroplasts: Found in plant cells, responsible for photosynthesis.
- Cell wall: Rigid carbohydrate structure in plant cells, providing support.
Cell Cycle
- G1 phase: Cell prepares for DNA replication, maintains size, and repairs damage.
- S phase: DNA replicates, doubling the amount of DNA.
- G2 phase: Checkpoint phase to ensure correct DNA replication and prepare for division.
- M phase: Division phase, including mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis
- Occurs in non-germ cells, producing two identical daughter cells. This is a cloning process.
- Interphase: Phase outside of cell division (G1, S, G2).
- Prophase: First stage of mitosis.
- Metaphase: Second stage of mitosis, chromosomes line up individually, not in pairs.
- Anaphase: Third stage of mitosis, duplicated chromosomes separate to opposite poles.
- Telophase: Fourth stage of mitosis, nuclear envelope reforms around separated chromosomes.
- Cytokinesis: Final stage of mitosis, cell fully divides.
Chromosomes and Mitosis
- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total).
- During the S phase of interphase, DNA replication doubles the genetic information, but the chromosome count remains the same.
- Duplicated chromosomes form an "X" shape, each arm being a chromatid.
- Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells. Chromosomes line up individually, not in pairs, during metaphase. Separated duplicated chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles during anaphase. The nuclear envelope reforms around the separated chromosomes in telophase, followed by cytokinesis to divide the cytoplasm into two cells.
- The number of cells after 'n' divisions can be calculated using 2^n.
Mitosis
- Mitosis results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
- The parent cell is dismantled and its material redistributed to the daughter cells.
- Mitosis occurs in somatic cells for growth and repair.
Meiosis
- Meiosis occurs in germ cells to produce gametes (sperm or egg).
- Two stages of division produce four daughter cells, each with half the genetic information of the parent cell.
- Meiosis ensures genetic diversity in offspring.
Recombination
- Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material during meiosis.
- This swapping creates recombinant chromosomes, increasing genetic variability.
DNA Structure
- DNA is a double helix with two antiparallel strands linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.
Nucleotides
- Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA, composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- In DNA, the sugar is deoxyribose; bases include adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
Complementary Base Pairing
- Adenine pairs with thymine (A-T), and guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C).
- This pairing is critical for DNA replication and protein synthesis.
5' and 3' Ends
- The 5' end of a DNA strand has a phosphate group, and the 3' end is the blunt end.
- The DNA strands run antiparallel (5' to 3' and 3' to 5').
DNA Probe Applications
- DNA probes are short, single-stranded DNA sequences used to identify specific DNA sequences in a sample.
- They are often labeled with fluorescent tags for detection.
Fluorescent Proteins
- GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) glows green under blue or UV light.
- BFP (Blue Fluorescent Protein) glows blue under UV light.
Analyzing DNA Probe Data
- Signal abundance in a graph is proportional to DNA hybridization within the sample.
- Peak wavelength relates to the fluorescent protein used.
- Peak heights indicate presence of different DNA sequences.
DNA in Mitosis
- DNA amount doubles during S phase.
- DNA amount remains constant during other phases.
- Abundance of DNA probes changes depending on cell cycle stage.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts of cell structure, focusing on the cell membrane's unique properties and its functional mechanisms. It explores the processes of diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, providing a comprehensive understanding of how substances move across cellular membranes.
