Cell Structure and Organelles

Study Notes

Plasma Membrane: Semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell, regulating what enters and leaves.
Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes occur.
Nucleus: Controls cell growth and reproduction, contains most of the cell's genetic material.
Mitochondria: Produces energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and detoxification.
Ribosomes: Small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm, responsible for protein synthesis.
Lysosomes: Contains digestive enzymes, breaks down and recycles cellular waste and foreign substances.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport out of the cell.
Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support, shape, and movement to the cell.

Metabolic Processes: Cells carry out various metabolic reactions, such as glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and fatty acid synthesis.
Cell Signaling: Cells communicate with each other through signaling pathways, involving receptors, hormones, and other signaling molecules.
Cell Division: Cells reproduce through mitosis (somatic cells) or meiosis (gametes).
Cell Growth and Development: Cells grow and differentiate into specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Cellular Response to Stimuli: Cells respond to environmental stimuli, such as light, temperature, and touch.
Cellular Transport: Cells transport materials across the plasma membrane through passive (diffusion, osmosis) and active (carrier proteins, pumps) transport mechanisms.

ER and Ribosomes: ER provides a site for ribosomes to translate mRNA into protein.
Golgi Apparatus and ER: Golgi receives and modifies proteins and lipids from the ER.
Lysosomes and Cellular Waste: Lysosomes break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances.
Mitochondria and Cellular Energy: Mitochondria generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration.

Plasma membrane is semi-permeable, regulating what enters and leaves the cell.
Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes occur.
Nucleus controls cell growth and reproduction, containing most of the cell's genetic material.
Mitochondria produces energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and detoxification.
Ribosomes are small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm, responsible for protein synthesis.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, breaking down and recycling cellular waste and foreign substances.
Golgi Apparatus modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport out of the cell.
Cytoskeleton provides structural support, shape, and movement to the cell.

Metabolic processes occur in cells, including glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and fatty acid synthesis.
Cell signaling involves receptors, hormones, and other signaling molecules, allowing cells to communicate with each other.
Cell division occurs through mitosis (somatic cells) or meiosis (gametes).
Cells grow and differentiate into specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Cells respond to environmental stimuli, such as light, temperature, and touch.
Cellular transport mechanisms include passive (diffusion, osmosis) and active (carrier proteins, pumps) transport.