Cell Structure and Functions

Cell Structure

• Plasma Membrane: Semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell, regulating what enters and leaves.
• Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes take place.
• Nucleus: Control center of the cell where DNA is stored.
• Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell, responsible for generating energy (ATP).
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis and transport.
• Ribosomes: Small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm, responsible for protein synthesis.
• Lysosomes: Membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes, responsible for breaking down and recycling cellular waste.
• Golgi Apparatus: Complex of flattened sacs and tubules involved in protein modification and packaging.

Cell Functions

• Metabolism: Conversion of energy and nutrients into ATP.
• Protein Synthesis: Creation of proteins from amino acids.
• Cell Division: Process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells.
• Cell Signaling: Communication between cells through signaling pathways.
• Cell Adhesion: Interaction between cells and their environment.

Cell Types

• Prokaryotic Cells: Simple cells lacking a true nucleus, found in bacteria.
• Eukaryotic Cells: Complex cells with a true nucleus, found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Cell Cycle

• Interphase: Cell growth and preparation for cell division.
• Mitosis: Nuclear division resulting in two daughter cells with identical DNA.
• Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm and cell separation.

Cellular Transport

• Passive Transport: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy input (diffusion, osmosis).
• Active Transport: Movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy input (carrier proteins).

Cell Structure

• Plasma membrane is semi-permeable, regulating what enters and leaves the cell.
• Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where metabolic processes take place.
• Nucleus is the control center of the cell, storing DNA.
• Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, generating energy (ATP).
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis and transport.
• Ribosomes are small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm, responsible for protein synthesis.
• Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes, breaking down and recycling cellular waste.
• Golgi Apparatus is a complex of flattened sacs and tubules involved in protein modification and packaging.

Cell Functions

• Metabolism involves the conversion of energy and nutrients into ATP.
• Protein synthesis is the creation of proteins from amino acids.
• Cell division is the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells.
• Cell signaling involves communication between cells through signaling pathways.
• Cell adhesion involves the interaction between cells and their environment.

Cell Types

• Prokaryotic cells are simple cells lacking a true nucleus, found in bacteria.
• Eukaryotic cells are complex cells with a true nucleus, found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Cell Cycle

• Interphase involves cell growth and preparation for cell division.
• Mitosis involves nuclear division, resulting in two daughter cells with identical DNA.
• Cytokinesis involves the division of the cytoplasm and cell separation.

Cellular Transport

• Passive transport involves the movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy input (diffusion, osmosis).
• Active transport involves the movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy input (carrier proteins).