Cell Structure and Function

Cell Structure and Function

• Cells are the basic units of life, exhibiting a complex internal organization.
• The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier, regulating what enters and exits the cell.
• The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance filling the cell, containing organelles.
• The nucleus houses the genetic material (DNA), crucial for cell function and reproduction.
• Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, generating energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
• Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion.
• Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down cellular waste and debris.
• Vacuoles are storage sacs for water, nutrients, and other substances.
• Centrioles play a role in cell division.
• Different cell types have specialized structures for their specific functions.

Skeletal System Overview

• The skeletal system provides support, protection, and allows for movement.
• Bones form a rigid framework that supports the body and provides attachment points for muscles.
• The skeletal system protects internal organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs.
• Bones facilitate movement through joints and skeletal muscle interaction.
• The skeleton plays a vital role in blood cell production within bone marrow.
• Bones store minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus, which are essential for various bodily functions.

Skeletal System Components

• Bones are composed of specialized connective tissue, primarily collagen and minerals.
• Compact bone is dense and strong, providing a hard outer layer.
• Spongy bone is porous and lightweight, found within the interior of bones.
• Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue, forming joints and cushioning bones.
• Joints are where two or more bones meet, allowing for movement.
• Different types of joints (e.g., hinge, ball-and-socket) allow for various ranges of motion.
• Ligaments connect bones to bones, providing stability to joints.
• Tendons connect muscles to bones, facilitating movement.
• Bone marrow is found within the medullary cavity of bones.
• Red bone marrow produces red blood cells and some white blood cells.
• Yellow bone marrow primarily stores fat.