Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
Which organelle is responsible for generating energy for the cell?
What is the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells?
What is the first stage of cellular respiration?
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What is the process by which genetic information is converted into a functional product?
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What is the primary component of the cell membrane?
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What is the final stage of mitosis?
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What is the role of transcription factors in gene expression?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure
- A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
- Consists of:
- Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
- Cytoplasm
- Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
- Organelles (e.g. mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes)
Cell Membrane
- Semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell
- Functions:
- Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
- Maintains cell shape
- Provides mechanical support
- Composed of:
- Phospholipid bilayer
- Proteins (integral and peripheral)
- Cholesterol
Cell Division
- Process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
- Types:
- Mitosis (somatic cells)
- Meiosis (gamete cells)
- Stages of Mitosis:
- Interphase
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Cytokinesis
Cellular Respiration
- Process by which cells generate energy from glucose
- Stages:
- Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
- Pyruvate oxidation (mitochondria)
- Krebs cycle (mitochondria)
- Electron transport chain (mitochondria)
- Produces:
- ATP (energy)
- NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers)
Gene Expression
- Process by which genetic information is converted into a functional product
- Steps:
- Transcription (DNA → RNA)
- Translation (RNA → protein)
- Regulation:
- Transcription factors
- Gene promoters and enhancers
- Epigenetic modifications
Animal Cells
- Characteristics:
- Lack cell wall
- Have centrioles
- Have lysosomes
- Have mitochondria
- Functions:
- Movement (muscle cells)
- Sensation (nerve cells)
- Protection (immune cells)
Plant Cells
- Characteristics:
- Have cell wall (cellulose)
- Have chloroplasts (photosynthesis)
- Have vacuoles (storage)
- Have plasmodesmata (cell-cell communication)
- Functions:
- Photosynthesis (chloroplasts)
- Support (cell wall)
- Storage (vacuoles)
Cell Structure
- A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
- Consists of cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, and organelles
Cell Membrane
- Semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell
- Regulates what enters and leaves the cell, maintains cell shape, and provides mechanical support
- Composed of phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and cholesterol
Organelles
- Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration, generates energy for the cell
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes, break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances
- Other organelles include endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and centrioles
Cell Division
- Process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
- Types: mitosis (somatic cells) and meiosis (gamete cells)
- Stages of Mitosis: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
Cellular Respiration
- Process by which cells generate energy from glucose
- Stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
- Produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2
Gene Expression
- Process by which genetic information is converted into a functional product
- Steps: transcription (DNA → RNA) and translation (RNA → protein)
- Regulation: transcription factors, gene promoters and enhancers, and epigenetic modifications
Animal Cells
- Characteristics: lack cell wall, have centrioles, lysosomes, and mitochondria
- Functions: movement, sensation, protection, and other specialized functions
Plant Cells
- Characteristics: have cell wall (cellulose), chloroplasts, vacuoles, and plasmodesmata
- Functions: photosynthesis, support, storage, and cell-cell communication
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Description
Learn about the basic structure and function of cells, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, and organelles. Understand the components and functions of the cell membrane.
