Cell Structure and Function

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

  • To transmit genetic information
  • To synthesize proteins
  • To regulate what enters and leaves the cell (correct)
  • To generate energy for the cell

Which organelle is responsible for generating energy for the cell?

  • Lysosome
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Ribosome
  • Mitochondria (correct)

What is the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells?

  • Meiosis
  • Gene expression
  • Cellular respiration
  • Mitosis (correct)

What is the first stage of cellular respiration?

<p>Glycolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which genetic information is converted into a functional product?

<p>Gene expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the cell membrane?

<p>Phospholipid bilayer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final stage of mitosis?

<p>Telophase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of transcription factors in gene expression?

<p>To regulate gene expression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Cell Structure

  • A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
  • Consists of:
    • Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
    • Cytoplasm
    • Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
    • Organelles (e.g. mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes)

Cell Membrane

  • Semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell
  • Functions:
    • Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
    • Maintains cell shape
    • Provides mechanical support
  • Composed of:
    • Phospholipid bilayer
    • Proteins (integral and peripheral)
    • Cholesterol

Cell Division

  • Process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
  • Types:
    • Mitosis (somatic cells)
    • Meiosis (gamete cells)
  • Stages of Mitosis:
    1. Interphase
    2. Prophase
    3. Metaphase
    4. Anaphase
    5. Telophase
    6. Cytokinesis

Cellular Respiration

  • Process by which cells generate energy from glucose
  • Stages:
    1. Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
    2. Pyruvate oxidation (mitochondria)
    3. Krebs cycle (mitochondria)
    4. Electron transport chain (mitochondria)
  • Produces:
    • ATP (energy)
    • NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers)

Gene Expression

  • Process by which genetic information is converted into a functional product
  • Steps:
    1. Transcription (DNA → RNA)
    2. Translation (RNA → protein)
  • Regulation:
    • Transcription factors
    • Gene promoters and enhancers
    • Epigenetic modifications

Animal Cells

  • Characteristics:
    • Lack cell wall
    • Have centrioles
    • Have lysosomes
    • Have mitochondria
  • Functions:
    • Movement (muscle cells)
    • Sensation (nerve cells)
    • Protection (immune cells)

Plant Cells

  • Characteristics:
    • Have cell wall (cellulose)
    • Have chloroplasts (photosynthesis)
    • Have vacuoles (storage)
    • Have plasmodesmata (cell-cell communication)
  • Functions:
    • Photosynthesis (chloroplasts)
    • Support (cell wall)
    • Storage (vacuoles)

Cell Structure

  • A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
  • Consists of cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, and organelles

Cell Membrane

  • Semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell
  • Regulates what enters and leaves the cell, maintains cell shape, and provides mechanical support
  • Composed of phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and cholesterol

Organelles

  • Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration, generates energy for the cell
  • Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
  • Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes, break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances
  • Other organelles include endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and centrioles

Cell Division

  • Process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
  • Types: mitosis (somatic cells) and meiosis (gamete cells)
  • Stages of Mitosis: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis

Cellular Respiration

  • Process by which cells generate energy from glucose
  • Stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
  • Produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2

Gene Expression

  • Process by which genetic information is converted into a functional product
  • Steps: transcription (DNA → RNA) and translation (RNA → protein)
  • Regulation: transcription factors, gene promoters and enhancers, and epigenetic modifications

Animal Cells

  • Characteristics: lack cell wall, have centrioles, lysosomes, and mitochondria
  • Functions: movement, sensation, protection, and other specialized functions

Plant Cells

  • Characteristics: have cell wall (cellulose), chloroplasts, vacuoles, and plasmodesmata
  • Functions: photosynthesis, support, storage, and cell-cell communication

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