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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
Which organelle is responsible for generating energy for the cell?
Which organelle is responsible for generating energy for the cell?
What is the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells?
What is the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells?
What is the first stage of cellular respiration?
What is the first stage of cellular respiration?
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What is the process by which genetic information is converted into a functional product?
What is the process by which genetic information is converted into a functional product?
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What is the primary component of the cell membrane?
What is the primary component of the cell membrane?
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What is the final stage of mitosis?
What is the final stage of mitosis?
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What is the role of transcription factors in gene expression?
What is the role of transcription factors in gene expression?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure
- A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
- Consists of:
- Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
- Cytoplasm
- Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
- Organelles (e.g. mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes)
Cell Membrane
- Semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell
- Functions:
- Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
- Maintains cell shape
- Provides mechanical support
- Composed of:
- Phospholipid bilayer
- Proteins (integral and peripheral)
- Cholesterol
Cell Division
- Process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
- Types:
- Mitosis (somatic cells)
- Meiosis (gamete cells)
- Stages of Mitosis:
- Interphase
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Cytokinesis
Cellular Respiration
- Process by which cells generate energy from glucose
- Stages:
- Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
- Pyruvate oxidation (mitochondria)
- Krebs cycle (mitochondria)
- Electron transport chain (mitochondria)
- Produces:
- ATP (energy)
- NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers)
Gene Expression
- Process by which genetic information is converted into a functional product
- Steps:
- Transcription (DNA → RNA)
- Translation (RNA → protein)
- Regulation:
- Transcription factors
- Gene promoters and enhancers
- Epigenetic modifications
Animal Cells
- Characteristics:
- Lack cell wall
- Have centrioles
- Have lysosomes
- Have mitochondria
- Functions:
- Movement (muscle cells)
- Sensation (nerve cells)
- Protection (immune cells)
Plant Cells
- Characteristics:
- Have cell wall (cellulose)
- Have chloroplasts (photosynthesis)
- Have vacuoles (storage)
- Have plasmodesmata (cell-cell communication)
- Functions:
- Photosynthesis (chloroplasts)
- Support (cell wall)
- Storage (vacuoles)
Cell Structure
- A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
- Consists of cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, and organelles
Cell Membrane
- Semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell
- Regulates what enters and leaves the cell, maintains cell shape, and provides mechanical support
- Composed of phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and cholesterol
Organelles
- Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration, generates energy for the cell
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes, break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances
- Other organelles include endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and centrioles
Cell Division
- Process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
- Types: mitosis (somatic cells) and meiosis (gamete cells)
- Stages of Mitosis: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
Cellular Respiration
- Process by which cells generate energy from glucose
- Stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
- Produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2
Gene Expression
- Process by which genetic information is converted into a functional product
- Steps: transcription (DNA → RNA) and translation (RNA → protein)
- Regulation: transcription factors, gene promoters and enhancers, and epigenetic modifications
Animal Cells
- Characteristics: lack cell wall, have centrioles, lysosomes, and mitochondria
- Functions: movement, sensation, protection, and other specialized functions
Plant Cells
- Characteristics: have cell wall (cellulose), chloroplasts, vacuoles, and plasmodesmata
- Functions: photosynthesis, support, storage, and cell-cell communication
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Description
Learn about the basic structure and function of cells, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, and organelles. Understand the components and functions of the cell membrane.
