Cell Structure and Function Quiz

Cell Structure and Function

• Cells are the basic units of life, categorized as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
• Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, with genetic material in the nucleoid. They are smaller (1-10 micrometers). Examples include bacteria (Escherichia coli, Streptococcus) and archaea (Methanogens, extremophiles).
• Eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They are larger (10-100 micrometers). Examples include plant cells (Elodea, onion cells) and animal cells (human epithelial cells).

Organelles and Functions

• Nucleus: Contains DNA organized into chromatin, controlling cellular activities.
• Mitochondria: The "powerhouse" of the cell, responsible for aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis.
• Chloroplasts: Found in plant cells, site of photosynthesis, capturing sunlight for energy conversion.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances; Rough ER, studded with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins.
• Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins, either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER.
• Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.
• Lysosomes: Contain enzymes to digest cellular debris.
• Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support and facilitates cellular movement.

Human Organ Systems

• The human body is a complex system of interconnected organs and tissues.
• Digestive System: Converts food to nutrients and energy, with organs like the mouth, stomach, small intestine, liver and pancreas.
• Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal). Organs include nose, nasal cavity, trachea and lungs.
• Circulatory System: Transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and waste products. Components include the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
• Nervous System: Controls body activities via electrical signals. Includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Classification of Living Things

• Classification organizes biodiversity into hierarchical categories (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species).
• The five kingdoms are Monera (prokaryotes), Protista (simple eukaryotes), Fungi (decomposers), Plantae (photosynthetic), and Animalia (heterotrophs).

Ecosystems

• Ecosystems are dynamic systems where organisms interact with their environment.
• Components include biotic (living organisms, like plants, animals, fungi and microbes) and abiotic factors (non-living parts, such as sunlight, water, air, and soil).
• Energy flows through ecosystems (producers → consumers → decomposers).

Reproductive Systems

• Reproduction ensures the survival of species.
• Human Reproductive System includes male (testes, seminal vesicles and prostate) and female (ovaries, uterus) components.
• Plant Reproduction: Can be sexual (pollen transfer, fertilization) or asexual (budding, vegetative propagation, fragmentation).

Genetics

• Genetics studies genes, heredity, and genetic variation.
• Key figures include Gregor Mendel, whose experiments established inheritance laws.
• Genetic disorders encompass conditions caused by genetic variation (e.g., Sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis).

Cell Division

• Cell division is crucial for growth, repair, and reproduction.
• Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells. Phases include Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.
• Meiosis creates four haploid gametes with genetic variation, involving two consecutive divisions.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose), using the equation 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light → C6H12O6 + 6O2. This process occurs in stages (Light-dependent and Calvin Cycle).
• Cellular Respiration breaks down glucose to release ATP (energy). Types include aerobic (requiring oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen). Stages involve Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain.

Evolution and Adaptation

• Natural selection favors traits that enhance survival and reproduction.
• Adaptations can be structural (physical features) or behavioral.

Biotechnology

• Biotechnology applies biological processes for practical uses, often relating to genetic engineering and cloning
• Genetic Engineering uses techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 for precise DNA editing. Examples include medical treatments (insulin production) agricultural applications (modified crops), and environmental applications (bioremediation).
• Cloning replicates organisms through various methods. Example include Dolly the sheep.
• Biotechnological tools like PCR and gel electrophoresis are used to analyze and manipulate DNA.

Test your knowledge on cell structure and organelles in this quiz. You'll explore the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as the specific functions of various organelles. Dive into the fascinating world of cellular biology and see how much you know!