Cell Theory and Organelles Quiz

Cell Theory

• The Cell Theory has three postulates: all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells.

Plant vs. Animal Cells

• Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole; animal cells do not.
• Animal cells have centrioles, which plant cells lack.

Organelles

• Animal Cell Organelles: Include the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
• Plant Cell Organelles: Include the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and cell wall.

Organelle Functions

• Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration, the process that releases energy from food.
• Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis, the process where plants convert light energy into chemical energy (sugars).

Animal vs. Plant Cell Comparison

• Plant cells have a rigid cell wall for support, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis, whereas animal cells are more flexible and lack these structures.
• Both plant and animal cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and ribosomes.

Microscope Use

• Proper microscope handling procedures should be followed to avoid damage and ensure accurate observations.

Cell Cycle

• DNA is organized into chromosomes.
• The cell cycle includes interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis, and cytokinesis.

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

• Checkpoints are control mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle, ensuring accurate DNA replication and cell division.

Cancer Treatments

• Various treatments (e.g., surgery, radiation, chemotherapy) are used to address cancer.

Animal Body Organization

• The levels of organization in an animal body are cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

Cell Specialization

• Factors affecting cell specialization/differentiation include genetics and external signals.

Stem Cells

• Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into any type of cell.
• Types of stem cells include embryonic and adult stem cells.

Organ Systems

• The 11 organ systems perform various functions in the animal body.

Plant Organs

• Plant organs include roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, each with specific functions.

Plant Tissues

• Plant tissues are composed of different types of cells, each with specific functions.

Leaf Structure

• Leaf structure (e.g., palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, stomata, veins) and leaf function (photosynthesis) should be understood, and diagrams of leaf structures should be labelled.

Transpiration

• Atmospheric humidity levels affect transpiration (water loss from plants). Lower humidity leads to increased transpiration as water evaporates more readily.