Cell Structure and Function Quiz

Cell Structure

• Cells are the fundamental units of life
• Cells exhibit various functions: movement, growth, respiration, excretion of waste, and energy production.

Cell Size

• Cells are generally similar in size
• As size increases, volume increases rapidly
• Large cells must divide to maintain efficiency

Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms

• Unicellular: Lower life forms, often found in extreme environments. Each cell performs all life functions. Examples: Paramecium, bacteria.
• Multicellular: Cells are specialized. Groups of cells perform specific tasks. Examples: plants, animals.

Prokaryotes

• Small and simple
• Lack a nucleus (nucleoid instead)
• Lacks membrane-bound organelles
• Cell walls present
• Examples: bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).

Eukaryotes

• Complex
• Contain a nucleus
• Contain membrane-bound organelles
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Examples include animal and plant cells, fungi, protozoa.

Animal Cell Anatomy

• Includes, nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole, cytoplasm, microtubules, Golgi complex, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, plasma membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum, centrioles, vesicles, peroxisomes, nuclear pores, nucleolus.
• Additional organelles and components are listed.

Plant Cell Anatomy

• Includes, nucleus, nucleolus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, cell wall, cell membrane, peroxisomes, chloroplasts, amyloplasts, mitochondria, vacuole, cytoskeleton.
• Specific organelles unique to plant cells, and components are listed

Cell Parts

• Cell Membrane: Flexible double-layered membrane that encloses the cell. Function is support and allows substances in and out.
• Cell wall: Rigid structure that gives plants shape and protection.
• Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
• Vacuoles: Storage compartments for water, food, wastes, and other materials.
• Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell, produce energy.
• Nucleus: Control center of the cell, contains DNA.
• Ribosomes: Assemble proteins.
• Endoplasmic reticulum: Transports proteins and other materials.
• Golgi apparatus: Processes and packages proteins.
• Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes.
• Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance filling the cell.
• Chromosomes: Contain DNA, and direct the activities of the cell

Diffusion

• A process of moving substances across the cell membrane from higher to lower concentration to equalize concentration.
• Critical for exchange of materials.

Osmosis

• The diffusion of water across a membrane, water moves from higher to lower concentration

Mitosis

• The process of cell division in eukaryotic cells, result in two genetically identical daughter cells.
• Steps are outlined in detail: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis.
• Description and stages of mitosis
• Importance in cellular growth, repair and reproduction

Cytokinesis

• The division of the cytoplasm, following mitosis, to produce new daughter cells. Process differs between animal and plant cells.

Microscope

• A compound microscope has two lens systems: ocular lens and objective lens; to determine total magnification of an image, multiply the ocular lens power by the objective lens power.
• Methods to calculate specimen sizes based on microscope.

Microorganism Types

• Different types of single-celled organisms, including prokaryotes (lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles) versus eukaryotes (containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles).

Specialized Cells

• The process by which cells develop to perform specific functions
• Types of cells: (animal versus plant) cell specialization as well as cells functions
• Stem cells: Undifferentiated cells with the potential to become specialized cells. Types of stem cells including Embryonic and Adult.
• Animal and plant cells and functions are listed.
• Various specialized cells in animals and plants with unique structures and functionalities

Circulatory System

• Function of blood (cells). The circulatory system.
• Components: arteries, veins, and capillaries, and their functions
• Details of the human heart

Respiratory System

• The organ system that brings oxygen into the body and allows carbon dioxide to leave
• Description of inhaled air path
• Function of the lungs
• How breathing works
• Diseases include tuberculosis, pneumonia, pleurisy, cancer, and emphysema.

Digestive System

• The digestive system, an organ system to processes food.
• Organ functions: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and associated organs (liver, pancreas, gall bladder)
• The digestive tract function
• Diseases such as colitis and diabetes are listed, and their relevance.

Test your knowledge on cell structure, differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms, and the characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This quiz covers essential topics related to the fundamental units of life, including cell size and function.