Cell Structure: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

• Chapter 7 focuses on the cell's interior, covering the similarities and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
• Plant and animal cell differences, translation and transcription locations, and organelle functions are also discussed
• Matching organelles to functions, understanding cellular junctions, and protein destiny are key concepts.

Cell Components

• Microtubules, flagella vs. cilia, and plant vs. animal ECM differences are important structural elements
• Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies, while rough ER secretes glycoproteins
• ECM in animal cells is made of glycoproteins, while plant cells have a cellulose cell wall.
• Fungi cell walls are made of chitin

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

• Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles; eukaryotes have both
• Transcription and translation both occur in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus but translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
• Prokaryotes have hopanoids, eukaryotes have sterols in the cell membrane.
• Prokaryotes are smaller (1-2 micrometers) compared to eukaryotes (10-20 micrometers)
• Prokaryotes have a high surface area to volume ratio, eukaryotes have a low one.

Key Biological Themes

• Cell membranes becoming resistant to antibodies through natural selection is directly linked to examples such as Alexander Fleming and penicillin.

Energy and Enzymes in Metabolism

• Gibbs Free Energy formula: ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
• Understand the variables in the Gibbs Free Energy formula
• Exergonic reactions release energy; endergonic reactions require it
• Enzyme inhibitors, active sites and optimum conditions for enzymes are important concepts
• Types of Energy: Kinetic, thermal and potential energy can be converted to chemical energy

Cellular Respiration and Enzymes

• Formulas for cellular respiration and photosynthesis are key knowledge
• Redox reactions are oxidation and reduction reactions
• Methods of ATP synthesis include substrate-level, oxidative, and photophosphorylation
• Energy diagrams of activation energy and Gibbs Free Energy are important
• ATP: catabolic vs. anabolic reactions.
• An isolated system can’t exchange energy

Cellular Respiration

• An open system allows energy and matter transfer.
• Thermal energy is kinetic energy associated with random movement.
• Chemical energy is potential energy associated with electron position.
• Heat is thermal energy transferred between objects.
• Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
• Potential energy is energy stored based on location/structure.
• Methods of ATP synthesis & key functions of cell work
• Standard redox potential and agent ability to lose/gain electrons are important redox concepts

Cellular Respiration Processes

• Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
• Learn the stages and locations within cellular respiration.
• Chemiosmosis involves energy coupling.
• Regulations of cellular respiration & Electron Transport Chain roles
• Fermentation (lactic and alcoholic) and energy equations are important
• Energy conversions (ATP synthase)
• Glycolysis inputs are glucose and oxygen, with outputs of 32 ATP, NADH, water, an carbon dioxide.

Photosynthesis

• The Calvin-Benson cycle includes carbon fixation,
• Reduction of carbon and regeneration of RuBP are the phases of photosynthesis.
• Carbon fixation is the addition of CO2 to RuBP, which is catalyzed by rubisco.
• Light reactions (thylakoids) and Calvin cycle (stroma) are the stages
• Energy is sourced from sunlight.
• Inputs are sunlight, CO2, and H2O, with outputs of sugar and O2
• The stages include light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
• Chloroplasts are light-harvesting organelles; stoma produces sugars & thylakoids convert light to chemical energy.
• Plants perform both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
• Know Redox reactions & electron chain concepts
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol & ATP synthesized w/ proton gradient during respiration
• PSII functions at 680nm and PSI at 700nm.
• Chemisomosis is the generation of ATP and occurs with the movement of hydrogen ions.