14 Questions
What is the primary function of the cell membrane, and how does it differ from the cell wall?
The primary function of the cell membrane is to regulate what enters and leaves the cell, making it semi-permeable. In contrast, the cell wall provides rigid support and protection to the cell.
Compare and contrast biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem.
Biotic factors are living components of an ecosystem, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, whereas abiotic factors are non-living components, such as light, temperature, water, soil, and air.
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in protein synthesis and transport?
The ER is a network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis and transport, allowing for the modification and packaging of proteins for use in the cell or for secretion.
Describe the Law of Segregation and its significance in genetics.
The Law of Segregation states that each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation, resulting in each gamete receiving only one allele. This law is significant as it explains how genetic traits are inherited and expressed.
Distinguish between genotype and phenotype, providing examples of each.
Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, consisting of genes and alleles, whereas phenotype is the physical expression of an individual's genotype. For example, having the genes for blue eyes (genotype) results in the expression of blue eyes (phenotype).
What is the purpose of mitochondria in cellular respiration, and how do they achieve this function?
Mitochondria are organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration. They achieve this by converting glucose into ATP through aerobic respiration.
Explain the concept of a food web, providing an example of how it differs from a food chain.
A food web is a complex network of food chains that intersect and overlap, illustrating the multiple feeding relationships within an ecosystem. Unlike a food chain, which shows a linear sequence of organisms, a food web demonstrates the interconnectedness of species and their feeding relationships.
Describe the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis, and how they interact with the endoplasmic reticulum.
Ribosomes are small organelles responsible for protein synthesis, reading messenger RNA to assemble amino acids into proteins. They interact with the endoplasmic reticulum, which allows for the modification and transport of these proteins.
What is the primary function of the salivary amylase in the mouth?
Enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates into simpler sugars
What is the role of the small intestine in the digestive system?
Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream
What is the byproduct of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
ATP and NADPH
What is the purpose of the regeneration phase in the Calvin cycle?
To regenerate RuBP to continue the cycle
What is the overarching function of the circulatory system in the human body?
To transport oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues
What is the equation that represents the overall process of photosynthesis?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2
Study Notes
Cell Structure
- Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable membrane that separates the cell from its environment.
- Cell Wall: Rigid outer layer that provides support and protection to the cell.
- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where metabolic activities take place.
- Nucleus: Control center of the cell that contains genetic material (DNA).
- Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis and transport.
- Ribosomes: Small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm, responsible for protein synthesis.
Ecosystems
- Ecosystem: Community of living and non-living components interacting with each other in a specific environment.
- Biotic Factors: Living components of an ecosystem (plants, animals, microorganisms).
- Abiotic Factors: Non-living components of an ecosystem (light, temperature, water, soil, air).
- Food Chain: Sequence of organisms that eat other organisms, with each level representing a trophic level.
- Food Web: Complex network of food chains that intersect and overlap.
- Ecological Pyramids: Visual representation of energy flow and biomass at different trophic levels.
Genetics
- Hereditary Traits: Characteristics inherited from parents, determined by genes.
- Genotype: Genetic makeup of an individual, consisting of genes and alleles.
- Phenotype: Physical expression of an individual's genotype.
-
Mendel's Laws:
- Law of Segregation: Each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation.
- Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles of different genes are sorted independently during gamete formation.
- Inheritance Patterns: Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked, and incomplete dominance.
Human Physiology
-
Digestive System:
- Mouth: Mechanical digestion of food by teeth and enzymatic breakdown by salivary amylase.
- Stomach: Chemical digestion of proteins by pepsin and gastric amylase.
- Small Intestine: Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.
-
Circulatory System:
- Heart: Muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
- Blood Vessels: Arteries, veins, and capillaries that transport oxygen and nutrients.
-
Respiratory System:
- Lungs: Organs responsible for gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
Photosynthesis
-
Light-Dependent Reactions:
- Light Absorption: Light energy absorbed by pigments (chlorophyll, accessory pigments).
- Electron Transport: Energy from light is used to generate ATP and NADPH.
-
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle):
- Carbon Fixation: CO2 is fixed into organic compounds using ATP and NADPH.
- Regeneration: RuBP is regenerated to continue the cycle.
- Overall Equation: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2
Cell Structure
- Cell membrane is semi-permeable and separates the cell from its environment
- Cell wall is a rigid outer layer that provides support and protection to the cell
- Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where metabolic activities take place
- Nucleus is the control center of the cell containing genetic material (DNA)
- Mitochondria generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes are small organelles responsible for protein synthesis throughout the cytoplasm
Ecosystems
- Ecosystem is a community of living and non-living components interacting in a specific environment
- Biotic factors include living components of an ecosystem (plants, animals, microorganisms)
- Abiotic factors include non-living components of an ecosystem (light, temperature, water, soil, air)
- Food chain is a sequence of organisms that eat other organisms, with each level representing a trophic level
- Food web is a complex network of food chains that intersect and overlap
- Ecological pyramids visually represent energy flow and biomass at different trophic levels
Genetics
- Hereditary traits are characteristics inherited from parents, determined by genes
- Genotype is the genetic makeup of an individual, consisting of genes and alleles
- Phenotype is the physical expression of an individual's genotype
- Mendel's Laws include:
- Law of Segregation: each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation
- Law of Independent Assortment: alleles of different genes are sorted independently during gamete formation
- Inheritance patterns include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked, and incomplete dominance
Human Physiology
- Digestive System:
- Mouth: mechanical digestion of food by teeth and enzymatic breakdown by salivary amylase
- Stomach: chemical digestion of proteins by pepsin and gastric amylase
- Small Intestine: absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream
- Circulatory System:
- Heart: muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
- Blood Vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries that transport oxygen and nutrients
- Respiratory System:
- Lungs: organs responsible for gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Photosynthesis
- Light-Dependent Reactions:
- Light Absorption: light energy absorbed by pigments (chlorophyll, accessory pigments)
- Electron Transport: energy from light is used to generate ATP and NADPH
- Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle):
- Carbon Fixation: CO2 is fixed into organic compounds using ATP and NADPH
- Regeneration: RuBP is regenerated to continue the cycle
- Overall Equation: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2
Test your knowledge of the different components of a cell, including the cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus, and more. Learn about the functions of each part and how they work together to keep the cell alive.
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