Cell Structure and Function

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Questions and Answers

Which organelle in plant cells converts light energy into chemical energy?

Chloroplast

What cellular process involves the movement of molecules from a high concentration area to a low concentration area?

Diffusion

During which phase of the cell cycle do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

Metaphase

What is the name given to the mass of cells that form as a result of uncontrolled cell division?

<p>Tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two main purposes of cell division in multicellular organisms?

<p>Repair and replacement of damaged cells, and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, whereas eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specialized animal cells transmit electrical impulses to the brain?

<p>Nerve cells (neurons)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell is considered undifferentiated and capable of specializing into various cell types?

<p>Stem cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main types of tissues found in the human body?

<p>The four main types of tissues are connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of the xylem and phloem in plants.

<p>Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant, while phloem transports solutions of sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the organization of body structures in order from smallest to largest.

<p>The order from smallest to largest is cells, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the digestive system, and name three organs involved in this process?

<p>The digestive system's main function is to take in food, digest it, absorb nutrients, and excrete waste. Three organs involved are the stomach, small intestine and large intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Outline the path air takes through the respiratory system from the nasal cavity to the alveoli.

<p>Air enters the nasal cavity/mouth, passes through the pharynx and larynx, then the trachea, into the bronchus, to the bronchioles and finally to the alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of blood, and what are their functions within the circulatory system?

<p>The main components are red blood cells (transport oxygen), white blood cells (destroy bacteria), platelets (assist in clotting), and plasma (carries blood cells).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference in function between arteries and veins.

<p>Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood towards the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference in function between the pulmonary and systemic systems within the circulatory system.

<p>The pulmonary system brings low oxygen blood to the lungs to become oxygenated, and the systemic system brings oxygen rich blood to the rest of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems work together to produce energy?

<p>The digestive system provides glucose, the respiratory system provides oxygen, and the circulatory system transports these to cells for cellular respiration to produce energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cellular respiration, and why is it essential for cells?

<p>Cellular respiration is how cells derive energy from glucose. It is essential for cells to perform their functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Diffusion

The movement of molecules in a fluid from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Osmosis

The movement of molecules in a fluid from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

Lysosome

A sac with digestive materials found only in animal cells.

Stem cells

Unspecialized cells that can replicate themselves to form a variety of specialized cells.

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Prokaryotic cells

Cells without a nucleus.

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Eukaryotic cells

Cells that contain a nucleus.

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Muscle cells

A type of tissue, cells that work together to perform a specific task such as movement.

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Nerve cells

Cables that carry electrical impulses to the brain.

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Connective Tissue

A type of tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body.

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Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that covers all body surfaces, lines body cavities, and organs. Its functions include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, and diffusion.

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Muscle Tissue

A type of tissue that pumps blood and supports movement.

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Nervous Tissue

A type of tissue that coordinates and controls main body functions. It is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

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Xylem

A vascular tissue in plants that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

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Phloem

A vascular tissue in plants that transports solutions of sugar.

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Digestive System

The system in your body that takes in food, digests it, absorbs it, and excretes the remaining waste.

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Respiratory System

The system in your body that moves air into the body and removes waste products, allowing oxygen to reach your cells and carbon dioxide to be exhaled.

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Circulatory System

The system in your body that is made up of blood, heart, and vessels. It transports nutrients and oxygen to body tissues, transports waste products, regulates body temperature, and transports white blood cells.

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Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells derive energy from glucose.

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Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

  • Cell Membrane: Regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell.
  • Cell Wall: A rigid outer layer found in plant cells, providing support.
  • Centrioles: Involved in organizing chromosome movement during cell division (found in animal cells).
  • Chloroplast: Converts sunlight into chemical energy for plants (photosynthesis).
  • Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance that holds organelles.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of channels that transport materials within the cell.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Processes and packages cellular products.
  • Lysosome: Contains digestive enzymes, found in animal cells.
  • Mitochondria: The "powerhouse" of the cell, converting nutrients into usable energy (ATP).
  • Nucleus: Controls cell activities and houses the cell's DNA.
  • Ribosome: Synthesizes proteins.
  • Vacuole: Stores water, nutrients, and other substances.

Cell Transport

  • Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
  • Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Cell Cycle

  • Interphase: Cell growth, DNA replication.
  • Prophase: Nuclear membrane breaks down, chromosomes condense.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.
  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
  • Telophase: New nuclear membranes form around separated chromosomes.
  • Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, forming two daughter cells.

Cell Division

  • Reasons for cell division: Growth, repair, reproduction.
  • Consequences of uncontrolled cell division: Tumour formation.

Stem Cells

  • Stem cells: Unspecialized cells capable of differentiating into various cell types.
  • Scientific study of stem cells: Potential for repairing damaged tissues and organs.

Cell Types

  • Prokaryotic cells: Cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
  • Eukaryotic cells: Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • Specialized cells: Muscle, nerve, bone, blood, skin (examples).

Tissues

  • Connective tissue: Supports and connects other tissues (e.g., bone, cartilage).
  • Epithelial tissue: Covers body surfaces and lines cavities (e.g., skin, lining of digestive system).
  • Muscle tissue: Enables movement (e.g., skeletal, cardiac, smooth).
  • Nervous tissue: Transmits nerve impulses (e.g., brain, spinal cord).

Plant Tissues

  • Xylem: Transports water and minerals throughout the plant.
  • Phloem: Transports sugar throughout the plant.

Hierarchical Organization of the Body

  • Organism > Organ System > Organ > Tissue > Cell

Digestive System

  • Function: Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste.
  • Major Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.
  • Accessory Organs: Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
  • Functions of specific parts: Mouth (chewing); Stomach (churning); Small Intestine (nutrient absorption); Large Intestine (water absorption).

Respiratory System

  • Function: Takes in oxygen, releases carbon dioxide.
  • Major Organs: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm.
  • Functions of specific parts: Alveoli (gas exchange); Diaphragm (breathing).

Circulatory System

  • Function: Transports oxygen, nutrients, and removes waste.
  • Components: Blood, heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries).
  • Blood components: Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma.
  • Heart Chambers: Right and left atria, right and left ventricles.
  • Blood Vessels: Arteries, veins, capillaries.
  • Circulatory pathways: Pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation.
  • Heart Valves: Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic.

Systems Interrelation

  • Interconnectedness: Digestive, respiratory, circulatory systems work together for energy production and distribution.

Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular Respiration: The process of cells deriving energy from glucose.

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