30 Questions
Which type of hormones can pass through a lipid bilayer?
Lipid-soluble hormones
Where are signal receptors that bind to lipid-soluble hormones located?
Inside the cell
What are the three phases of cell signaling?
Reception, Transduction, Response
What is the first step in cell-cell signaling?
Signal reception
Where does signal transduction occur in the cell?
Plasma membrane
What do G proteins do in signal transduction?
Trigger the production of an intracellular messenger
What are second messengers?
Small molecules that amplify the hormone signal
What is the best-known group of enzyme-linked receptors?
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)
What is the ultimate response to a cell-cell signal?
Change in gene expression within the target cell
Why is signal deactivation important?
To turn off cell signals
Which of the following best describes hormone signaling?
A cell's response to changing conditions inside and outside the organism
What is the term for the communication between cells in bacteria?
Quorum sensing
What happens when the numbers of bacteria reach a specific threshold in quorum sensing?
Bacteria release species-specific signaling molecules
What is the purpose of biofilms produced by bacteria?
To encase the cells and attach them to a surface
How do signal transduction pathways in cells intersect and connect?
Forming a complex network
What is the end result of cell sensitivity to hormonal signaling?
An integrated whole-organism response
What is the term for the reduction of cell response when one pathway inhibits another?
Cross-talk
What is the term for the increase of cell response when one pathway stimulates another?
Cross-talk
What is the term for the secretion of proteins that allow bacteria to attack multicellular hosts?
Virulence
What is an important cause of food poisoning?
Salmonella enteriditis
Which type of cell signaling involves a cell communicating with itself?
Autocrine
What type of cell signaling occurs over short distances between neighboring cells?
Paracrine
Which type of cell signaling involves cells communicating over long distances?
Endocrine
What are hormones?
Small molecules that act on target cells far from the signaling cell
How do lipid-soluble hormones enter their target cells?
They diffuse across the plasma membrane into the target cell's cytoplasm
What type of hormones do not cross the plasma membrane?
Lipid-insoluble hormones
What determines which cells can respond to a particular ligand?
The presence of an appropriate receptor protein
What allows long-distance signals to coordinate the activities of cells throughout a multicellular organism?
Identical receptors in diverse cells and tissues
What is the main function of hormones?
To coordinate the activities of cells throughout a multicellular organism
Which type of signaling involves the release of hormones into the bloodstream?
Endocrine signaling
Study Notes
Hormone Signaling
- Lipid-soluble hormones can pass through a lipid bilayer
- Signal receptors that bind to lipid-soluble hormones are located within the cell, either in the cytoplasm or nucleus
- There are three phases of cell signaling: reception, transduction, and response
Cell Signaling
- The first step in cell-cell signaling is the release of signal molecules
- Signal transduction occurs in the cell membrane and cytoplasm
- G proteins play a crucial role in signal transduction by activating or inhibiting downstream targets
- Second messengers amplify and distribute the signal throughout the cell
- Enzyme-linked receptors are a group of receptors that initiate signal transduction through enzymatic activity
Quorum Sensing
- Quorum sensing is the communication between cells in bacteria
- When the number of bacteria reaches a specific threshold, they can coordinate their behavior
- Biofilms produced by bacteria provide a protected environment for the colony
Signal Integration
- Signal transduction pathways intersect and connect, allowing for complex cellular responses
- Cell sensitivity to hormonal signaling can be reduced through desensitization
- Cross-talk between pathways can result in either synergistic or antagonistic effects
Hormone Function
- Hormones are chemical signals that can travel long distances to coordinate the activities of cells throughout a multicellular organism
- Lipid-soluble hormones enter their target cells by diffusing through the plasma membrane
- Water-soluble hormones do not cross the plasma membrane and bind to surface receptors instead
- The specificity of hormone binding is determined by the structure of the hormone and its receptor
Types of Cell Signaling
- Autocrine signaling involves a cell communicating with itself
- Paracrine signaling occurs over short distances between neighboring cells
- Endocrine signaling involves cells communicating over long distances through the bloodstream
- Endocrine signaling involves the release of hormones into the bloodstream
Test your knowledge on different types of cell signaling with this quiz! Learn about autocrine, paracrine, juxtracrine, synaptic, and endocrine signaling, and discover how cells communicate with each other over short and long distances.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
