Cell Signaling Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Neurotransmitters affect postsynaptic cells by which of the following?

  • Initiating signal transduction pathways in the cells
  • Causing molecular changes in the cells
  • Affecting ion-channel proteins
  • Altering the permeability of the cells
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes how Adderall, an amphetamine stimulant, works on the CNS?

  • Increases the release of dopamine and norepinephrine and decreases their reuptake (correct)
  • Increases the release of serotonin and decreases its reuptake
  • Increases the release of GABA and decreases its reuptake
  • Increases the release of endorphins and decreases their reuptake

    • Hormone X produces its effects in its target cells via the cAMP second messenger system. Which of the following will produce the greatest effect on the cell?

  • A molecule of hormone X injected into the cytoplasm of the cell
  • A molecule of cAMP injected into the cytoplasm of the cell
  • A molecule of cAMP injected into the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell
  • A molecule of activated, cAMP-dependent protein kinase injected into the cytoplasm of the cell
  • A molecule of hormone X injected into the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell (correct)

    • If a person's bone marrow were destroyed by radiation, which of the following cells could NOT be produced?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the statement that describes a model that expresses the key elements of signal transduction pathways:

    <p>The binding of an epinephrine molecule leads to the production of many molecules of cAMP, thus activating many enzyme targets leading to the release of glucose molecules from glycogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physical barriers to invasion by other organisms may work in conjunction with which of the following?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a macrophage play in the immune response?

    <p>Presents antigens of an engulfed pathogen in its class II MHC molecules to helper T cells, and releases IL-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are antigens?

    <p>Foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a nerve process transmits information to a muscle cell?

    <p>When an action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine will diffuse from the neuron process and move across the synaptic cleft to a muscle cell membrane receptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a FALSE statement about innate immunity?

    <p>They must be primed by the presence of antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macrophages secrete ___ which then activates ___.

    <p>Interleukin-1; helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person with type AB+ blood would be able to receive a transfusion of which blood type(s)?

    <p>O-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following causes the rapid change of membrane polarity during an action potential?

    <p>Diffusing of positively charged ions across the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organophosphate pesticides work by inhibiting acetylcholine esterase. Which of the following best describes the effect of these pesticides on skeletal muscle cells?

    <p>EPSPs would increase because acetylcholine would remain in the synaptic cleft longer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Helper T cells play which of the following roles in the immune response?

    <p>Activate both the humoral and cell-mediated immunities by releasing IL-2 and other cytokines after recognizing class II MHC-antigen complexes on an APC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement(s) could be applied to both the nervous system and the endocrine system?

    <p>They both use chemical signaling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but he does not produce antibodies against viral infections. This is probably due to a disorder in which cells of the immune system?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is:

    <p>Insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the most accurate pathway from the central nervous system (CNS) to the target cells?

    <p>CNS - hypothalamus - anterior pituitary - thyroid - thyroxin - target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the best explanation for the data above for the third experiment where TSH was injected into each rat?

    <p>TSH is released by the pituitary gland to stimulate the thyroid to release thyroxine, thus increasing metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A group of researchers believe that they have extracted a new hormone from the cells of the pancreas. They find that it is fat-soluble. Choose the most likely mechanism of action for the hormone's target cells.

    <p>The hormone moves into a cell and causes changes in gene expression in the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consider what you know about the functioning of T4. Would you expect this hormone to have a short or a long half-life?

    <p>Long half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Melatonin

    <p>Involved in biological clock and seasonal activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucocorticoids

    <p>Break down muscle protein for conversion of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucagon

    <p>Increase blood sugar, glycogen breakdown in liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Androgens

    <p>Stimulate development of male reproductive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ACTH

    <p>Stimulate adrenal cortex to synthesize corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epinephrine

    <p>Increase available energy, heart rate, metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroxine

    <p>Regulate metabolism, growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcitonin

    <p>Lower blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADH

    <p>Increase reabsorption of water by kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxytocin

    <p>Stimulate contraction of uterus, milk secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucagon

    <p>Secreted by the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroxine

    <p>Stimulate and maintain metabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxytocin

    <p>Stimulates the contraction of uterine muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Growth hormone

    <p>Secreted by the anterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytotoxic T cells

    <p>Cells that are involved in cell-mediated immunity and destroy virally infected cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural killer cells

    <p>Cells involved in innate immunity, higher chance of developing malignant tumors without them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetylcholine

    <p>Main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endorphin

    <p>Neuropeptide that functions as a natural analgesic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dopamine

    <p>Parkinson's disease is linked to the decreased production of this neurotransmitter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neurotransmitters and Cell Signaling

    • Neurotransmitters initiate signal transduction pathways, cause molecular changes, affect ion channels, and alter cell permeability.
    • Adderall boosts dopamine and norepinephrine release while inhibiting their reuptake.
    • Hormone X's effects are maximized when injected extracellularly, as it employs the cAMP second messenger system.

    Immune System Overview

    • Destruction of bone marrow by radiation prevents the production of erythrocytes, neutrophils, T cells, and B cells.
    • Macrophages present antigens to helper T cells using class II MHC molecules and release IL-1 to activate immune responses.
    • Antigens are foreign molecules that trigger antibody generation, essential in immune recognition.

    Nervous System and Muscle Interaction

    • An action potential at the neuromuscular junction prompts acetylcholine release, signaling muscle cells to contract.
    • Acetylcholine's inhibition in organophosphate poisoning leads to prolonged excitatory signals in muscle cells.

    Innate Immunity and Macrophages

    • Innate immunity includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, and involves macrophages and natural killer cells.
    • Macrophages secrete interleukin-1 to activate helper T cells, crucial for immune response coordination.

    Blood Type Compatibility

    • Type AB+ individuals can receive blood from multiple types, including O+, A+, B-, B+, and A- due to universal recipient status.

    Action Potentials Mechanics

    • Rapid membrane polarity changes during action potentials result from positively charged ions diffusing across the cell membrane, essential for nerve signal transmission.

    Hormonal Regulation and Homeostasis

    • Antagonistic hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, regulate glucose metabolism.
    • Increased thyroxine release from the thyroid is stimulated by the CNS via the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary pathway.

    Hormonal Functions

    • Melatonin regulates biological clocks and seasonal changes.
    • Glucocorticoids facilitate glucose production from muscle proteins.
    • Glucagon from the pancreas elevates blood sugar levels and promotes glycogen breakdown.

    Specific Hormonal Actions

    • Epinephrine enhances energy availability and metabolic rate; calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.
    • Oxytocin triggers uterine contractions and milk ejection, while ADH boosts water reabsorption in kidneys.

    Immune Cell Functions

    • Cytotoxic T cells target virus-infected cells, responding to class I MHC complexes.
    • Natural killer cells are vital in innate immunity, linked to tumor development susceptibility.

    Neurotransmitters and Disorders

    • Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system.
    • Endorphins act as natural pain relievers, while dopamine deficiency relates to Parkinson's disease.

    Pituitary and Hormonal Actions

    • Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary, promoting growth and metabolism.
    • Thyroxine regulates various metabolic processes, essential for overall body function.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on cell signaling mechanisms and neurotransmitter functions with these flashcards. Ideal for students seeking to understand CNS interactions and the effects of stimulants like Adderall. Each card presents key concepts essential for mastering the topic.

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