Questions and Answers
Neurotransmitters affect postsynaptic cells by which of the following?
Which of the following best describes how Adderall, an amphetamine stimulant, works on the CNS?
Hormone X produces its effects in its target cells via the cAMP second messenger system. Which of the following will produce the greatest effect on the cell?
If a person's bone marrow were destroyed by radiation, which of the following cells could NOT be produced?
Signup and view all the answers
Select the statement that describes a model that expresses the key elements of signal transduction pathways:
Signup and view all the answers
Physical barriers to invasion by other organisms may work in conjunction with which of the following?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does a macrophage play in the immune response?
Signup and view all the answers
What are antigens?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs when a nerve process transmits information to a muscle cell?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a FALSE statement about innate immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
Macrophages secrete ___ which then activates ___.
Signup and view all the answers
A person with type AB+ blood would be able to receive a transfusion of which blood type(s)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following causes the rapid change of membrane polarity during an action potential?
Signup and view all the answers
Organophosphate pesticides work by inhibiting acetylcholine esterase. Which of the following best describes the effect of these pesticides on skeletal muscle cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Helper T cells play which of the following roles in the immune response?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement(s) could be applied to both the nervous system and the endocrine system?
Signup and view all the answers
A patient can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but he does not produce antibodies against viral infections. This is probably due to a disorder in which cells of the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following represents the most accurate pathway from the central nervous system (CNS) to the target cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the best explanation for the data above for the third experiment where TSH was injected into each rat?
Signup and view all the answers
A group of researchers believe that they have extracted a new hormone from the cells of the pancreas. They find that it is fat-soluble. Choose the most likely mechanism of action for the hormone's target cells.
Signup and view all the answers
Consider what you know about the functioning of T4. Would you expect this hormone to have a short or a long half-life?
Signup and view all the answers
Melatonin
Signup and view all the answers
Glucocorticoids
Signup and view all the answers
Glucagon
Signup and view all the answers
Androgens
Signup and view all the answers
ACTH
Signup and view all the answers
Epinephrine
Signup and view all the answers
Thyroxine
Signup and view all the answers
Calcitonin
Signup and view all the answers
ADH
Signup and view all the answers
Oxytocin
Signup and view all the answers
Glucagon
Signup and view all the answers
Thyroxine
Signup and view all the answers
Oxytocin
Signup and view all the answers
Growth hormone
Signup and view all the answers
Cytotoxic T cells
Signup and view all the answers
Natural killer cells
Signup and view all the answers
Acetylcholine
Signup and view all the answers
Endorphin
Signup and view all the answers
Dopamine
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Neurotransmitters and Cell Signaling
- Neurotransmitters initiate signal transduction pathways, cause molecular changes, affect ion channels, and alter cell permeability.
- Adderall boosts dopamine and norepinephrine release while inhibiting their reuptake.
- Hormone X's effects are maximized when injected extracellularly, as it employs the cAMP second messenger system.
Immune System Overview
- Destruction of bone marrow by radiation prevents the production of erythrocytes, neutrophils, T cells, and B cells.
- Macrophages present antigens to helper T cells using class II MHC molecules and release IL-1 to activate immune responses.
- Antigens are foreign molecules that trigger antibody generation, essential in immune recognition.
Nervous System and Muscle Interaction
- An action potential at the neuromuscular junction prompts acetylcholine release, signaling muscle cells to contract.
- Acetylcholine's inhibition in organophosphate poisoning leads to prolonged excitatory signals in muscle cells.
Innate Immunity and Macrophages
- Innate immunity includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, and involves macrophages and natural killer cells.
- Macrophages secrete interleukin-1 to activate helper T cells, crucial for immune response coordination.
Blood Type Compatibility
- Type AB+ individuals can receive blood from multiple types, including O+, A+, B-, B+, and A- due to universal recipient status.
Action Potentials Mechanics
- Rapid membrane polarity changes during action potentials result from positively charged ions diffusing across the cell membrane, essential for nerve signal transmission.
Hormonal Regulation and Homeostasis
- Antagonistic hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, regulate glucose metabolism.
- Increased thyroxine release from the thyroid is stimulated by the CNS via the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary pathway.
Hormonal Functions
- Melatonin regulates biological clocks and seasonal changes.
- Glucocorticoids facilitate glucose production from muscle proteins.
- Glucagon from the pancreas elevates blood sugar levels and promotes glycogen breakdown.
Specific Hormonal Actions
- Epinephrine enhances energy availability and metabolic rate; calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.
- Oxytocin triggers uterine contractions and milk ejection, while ADH boosts water reabsorption in kidneys.
Immune Cell Functions
- Cytotoxic T cells target virus-infected cells, responding to class I MHC complexes.
- Natural killer cells are vital in innate immunity, linked to tumor development susceptibility.
Neurotransmitters and Disorders
- Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system.
- Endorphins act as natural pain relievers, while dopamine deficiency relates to Parkinson's disease.
Pituitary and Hormonal Actions
- Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary, promoting growth and metabolism.
- Thyroxine regulates various metabolic processes, essential for overall body function.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on cell signaling mechanisms and neurotransmitter functions with these flashcards. Ideal for students seeking to understand CNS interactions and the effects of stimulants like Adderall. Each card presents key concepts essential for mastering the topic.