Cell Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

  • Protein synthesis
  • Energy production
  • Cell division
  • Cell boundary and protection (correct)

    • Cholesterol is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

    False

    What are the three main components of the plasma membrane structure?

    Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates

    The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane primarily consists of __________.

    <p>phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of molecules with their functions in the plasma membrane:

    <p>Phospholipids = Form the lipid bilayer Cholesterol = Stabilizes membrane fluidity Proteins = Facilitate transport and signaling Glycolipids = Cell recognition and signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main electrolyte found in the intracellular environment?

    <p>K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The extracellular compartment is made up of blood plasma and interstitial fluid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of proteins are located on the outer surface of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Peripheral proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the term used to describe the movement of water through a selective membrane.

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of primary active transport?

    <p>Movement of ions such as Na+ and K+ using ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes does NOT require cellular energy?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facilitated diffusion requires energy to move molecules across a membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the transport mechanism with its description:

    <p>Simple diffusion = Movement of molecules from high to low concentration Osmosis = Diffusion of water through a selective membrane Facilitated diffusion = Transport process that requires a carrier protein Bulk flow = Movement of large volumes of particles in a medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aquaporins function as channels for the movement of sodium ions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that involves cell eating?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATPase in cellular environments?

    <p>Maintaining homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gel-like substance in which cell metabolic reactions occur is called ______.

    <p>cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes secondary active transport?

    <p>It relies on the gradients created by primary active transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of transport with their descriptions:

    <p>Facilitated diffusion = Transport through specific membrane proteins Active transport = Movement against the concentration gradient using energy Exocytosis = Exporting substances from a cell Endocytosis = Importing substances into a cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cytoskeleton is essential for cell strength and locomotion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of cytosol in terms of water percentage?

    <p>75 - 90% H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called where DNA is copied?

    <p>Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotic cells, translation occurs in the nucleus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three functions of RNA?

    <ol> <li>carry genetic information as mRNA; 2) assist in assembling proteins at the ribosomes; 3) deliver amino acids as tRNA.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA is converted into messenger RNA during the process of ______.

    <p>transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell organelles with their functions:

    <p>Mitochondria = Energy production during cellular respiration Lysosomes = Breakdown of nutrients and foreign bodies Golgi complex = Packaging of proteins and lipids Ribosomes = Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>All processes occur in the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tay Sach’s Disease is caused by a dominance of the disorder genes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary lysosomes can undergo partial degradation forming residual ______.

    <p>bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytoskeletal component is primarily responsible for cell movement and shape?

    <p>Microfilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nucleus is the smallest organelle in the cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleolus?

    <p>Production of rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ ER is associated with protein synthesis for export and contains ribosomes.

    <p>Rough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cellular components is primarily involved in the assembly of the centromere during cell division?

    <p>Microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organelles with their primary function:

    <p>Nucleus = Houses genetic information and conducts DNA replication Smooth ER = Synthesis of lipids and detoxification Ribosomes = Protein translation and assembly Rough ER = Synthesis of proteins for export</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Red blood cells contain a nucleus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ are the cytoplasmic sites for protein translation and assembly.

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Body Levels of Organization

    • The fundamental unit of life is the cell, which incorporates various components including the plasma membrane, cytosol, organelles, and inclusions.

    Plasma Membrane

    • Acts as the cell's boundary, measuring 7-10 nm in thickness.
    • Functions include cell recognition, protection, and communication through signaling pathways.
    • Comprised mainly of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, structured as a fluid mosaic model.
    • Lipid composition: 75% phospholipids, 20% cholesterol (exclusive to eukaryotic cells), and 5% glycolipids.

    Lipid Structure

    • Phospholipids possess a hydrophilic polar head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails, forming a bilayer.
    • Glycolipids have sugar side chains and contribute to cell recognition.

    Proteins in Plasma Membrane

    • Integral proteins span across the membrane, serving structural roles and as channels or receptors.
    • Peripheral proteins are located on the membrane's surface, functioning as hormone receptors and immune markers.

    Intracellular Environment

    • The intracellular compartment is mostly water and contains all organelles, with potassium (K+) as the main electrolyte.

    Extracellular Environment

    • Divided into blood plasma and interstitial fluid; sodium (Na+) is the primary electrolyte.
    • Communication occurs via molecular and ionic movement through the cell membrane.

    Homeostasis

    • Maintained by ATPase, regulating intra- and extracellular conditions.

    Membrane Permeability

    • Selective permeability influenced by the size and charge of molecules, and the presence of channels or transporters.

    Cell Transport Mechanisms

    • Passive transport occurs without energy, relying on pressure or concentration gradients through processes like simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and bulk flow.

    Simple Diffusion

    • Involves random movement of particles to achieve equilibrium, applicable to gases and small solutes, e.g., O2, CO2.

    Osmosis

    • Refers to solvent diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane, influenced by osmotic pressure, with aquaporins facilitating water movement.

    Bulk Flow and Facilitated Diffusion

    • Bulk flow moves large volumes of substances, while facilitated diffusion uses specific proteins to transport larger molecules like glucose and ions across the membrane.

    Active Transport

    • Energy-dependent process moving molecules against concentration gradients, involving primary active transport (direct use of ATP) and secondary active transport (uses ionic gradients).

    Vesicular Transport

    • Involves small vesicles formed from the cell membrane for material transport; includes endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) and exocytosis (exporting substances).

    Cytoplasm

    • Comprises cytosol, a gel-like fluid (75-90% water) containing organelles and suspended particles, and organelles fulfilling various cellular functions.

    Cytoskeleton

    • A network of proteins, including microfilaments (support and movement), microtubules (cell structure and motility), and intermediate filaments (connect nuclear and cellular membranes).

    Nucleus

    • The largest organelle, housed in a double membrane, responsible for DNA storage, replication, and transcription processes.

    Nucleolus

    • A subregion within the nucleus which produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • A membrane-bound network facilitating chemical reactions; consists of rough ER (protein synthesis) and smooth ER (lipid synthesis and detoxification).

    Ribosomes

    • Sites for protein synthesis, composed of large (60S) and small (40S) subunits; can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER.

    Genetic Information Flow

    • Process of DNA replication, transcription (DNA to mRNA), and translation (mRNA to protein), with distinct compartments for eukaryotic (nucleus and cytoplasm) and prokaryotic (cytoplasm) cells.

    Golgi Complex

    • A series of membrane-enclosed cisternae that package proteins and lipids for transport or secretion, with distinct cis (receiving) and trans (shipping) faces.

    Lysosomes

    • Specialized vesicles containing digestive enzymes for nutrient breakdown; primary lysosomes contain enzymes, while secondary lysosomes have phagocytic vacuoles.

    Clinical Implications of Lysosomes

    • Secondary lysosomes may be exocytosed or remain, forming residual bodies, with conditions like Tay-Sachs disease arising from enzyme deficiencies leading to residual accumulation.

    Mitochondria

    • Organelles responsible for ATP production during cellular respiration, pivotal for energy metabolism.

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    Cell Physiology PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on cell physiology and the organization of cells. This quiz covers the basic unit of life, including the structure and function of the plasma membrane and organelles. Perfect for students studying biology or related fields.

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