Cell Organelles: Plant vs Animal

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Questions and Answers

Which type of cell junction is characterized by its direct connection to intermediate filaments?

Desmosomes (correct)

Adherens junctions

Focal adhesions

Gap junctions

Which of the following is NOT a function of intermediate filaments?

Facilitating paracellular permeability (correct)

Creating cell cohesion and preventing cell sheet fracture under tension

Establishing cell shape

Providing structure for internal organelles

Which of the following pairs correctly matches a cell junction with its associated cytoskeletal element?

Adherens junctions and microtubules

Tight junctions and intermediate filaments

Focal adhesions and actin filaments (correct)

Desmosomes and actin filaments

What is the primary function of tight junctions?

Creating a seal to prevent material leakage between cells Signup and view all the answers

Which protein family is primarily associated with the formation of desmosomes?

Cadherins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT a component of the endomembrane system?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nuclear lamina?

To provide structural support and maintain the shape of the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is directly involved in the organization and movement of chromosomes during cell division?

Microtubules Signup and view all the answers

Where would you most likely find chromatin?

Within the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following membrane-bound organelles is involved in the breakdown and recycling of cellular waste?

Lysosome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the extracellular matrix?

Tubulin Signup and view all the answers

What structural protein is a main component of centrioles?

Tubulin Signup and view all the answers

How many microtubule triplets are found in a centriole?

Nine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the centrosome?

Microtubule organization Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of microtubules in cilia and flagella?

9 doublets + 2 singlets Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is characteristic of flagella?

Whip-like motion Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary difference in quantity between cilia and flagella in a typical cell?

Cilia are typically more numerous Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of intermediate filaments?

They extend from the nucleus to the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glyoxysomes within germinating seeds?

Oxidizing fatty acids to produce sugars Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the lipid composition of plastids?

Almost entirely composed of glycosylglycerides Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plastid is responsible for storing starch, especially in roots and shoots?

Amyloplasts Signup and view all the answers

Where are the proteins and pigments such as chlorophyll and carotenoids primarily located within chloroplasts?

Embedded within the thylakoid membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of leucoplasts in secretory tissues?

Production of volatile molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells in land plants are typically motile and possess flagella?

Male gametes (sperm) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a plant cell wall is primarily responsible for making it less vulnerable to fungal attacks?

Lignin Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical arrangement of microtubules in a flagellum’s axoneme?

Nine doublets surrounding two central singlets Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the middle lamella in plant cells?

Cememting adjacent cells together Signup and view all the answers

What structure directly facilitates the transport of cytoplasmic molecules between neighboring plant cells?

Plasmodesmata Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary component of the extracellular matrix in animal cells?

Collagen Signup and view all the answers

What is the phragmoplast and when is it formed in plant cells?

A network of microtubules and F-actin; during telophase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT directly participate in the formation of the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in plants?

Centrioles Signup and view all the answers

What role does the endomembrane system play in plant cells?

Secretion, membrane recycling, cell cycle and storage Signup and view all the answers

Which structure within plant cells is responsible for maintaining cell tonicity?

The central vacuole Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lytic vacuoles in plant cells?

Protein trafficking, membrane recycling, and protein digestion Signup and view all the answers

Which unique structural feature is characteristic of oil bodies in plant cells?

A lipid monolayer membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of peroxisomes in plant leaf cells?

Participating in photorespiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pectins within the plant cell wall?

To create a gel-like matrix that resists compression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is primarily responsible for the synthesis of cellulose in plant cells?

Plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What structural component is unique to secondary cell walls that imparts significant strength?

Lignin Signup and view all the answers

What chemical property of cellulose microfibrils contributes to their high tensile strength?

Extensive hydrogen bonding between parallel chains Signup and view all the answers

How do H+ ions contribute to primary cell wall expansion?

By loosening non-covalent adhesions between wall polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule plays a key role in linking microfibrils into a network within the plant cell wall?

Hemicellulose Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a primary cell wall from a secondary cell wall?

Primary walls are characteristic of young growing cells and have less lignin Signup and view all the answers

How does turgor pressure contribute to the expansion of the primary cell wall?

It generates an outward force Signup and view all the answers

Which of the four groups of plant cell wall polysaccharides is not synthesized in the RER and Golgi?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the structure of a macrofibril in a plant cell wall?

24 to 36 parallel microfibrils Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plant Cell Organelles

Plant cells have unique organelles not found in animal cells.
Chloroplasts are sites of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.
Central vacuoles maintain turgor pressure, a key factor in plant growth.
Cell walls, composed of cellulose, provide support and rigidity, a feature not seen in animals.
Plasmodesmata are channels connecting adjacent plant cells, enabling communication and transport.
Vacuoles, in addition to other functions, can contain pigment or storage material.

Animal Cell Organelles

Animal cells possess organelles not found in plant cells.
Centrioles are involved in cell division, forming the spindle apparatus.
Lysosomes are specialized organelles for intracellular digestion and waste removal.

Similar Organelles in Plant and Animal Cells

Plasma membrane: Encloses the cell, regulating what enters and leaves.
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance filling the cell.
Nucleus: Contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins (essential for both).
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): A network of membranes involved in protein synthesis and transport.
Golgi apparatus: Processes and packages proteins for secretion.
Mitochondria: Produce energy through cellular respiration.

The Endomembrane System

A system of interconnected membranes in the cell.
Includes nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and lysosomes/ vacuoles.
Major functions include protein synthesis, transport, and modification.

Vacuoles

Membrane-bound sacs involved in storage and transport.
Central vacuoles in plant cells are large, playing a vital role in turgor pressure and maintaining cell shape.
Lytic vacuoles in plant cells and lysosomes in animal cells are involved in digestion.

Cell Wall

Found only in plant cells, outside the plasma membrane.
Composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins and glycans.
Provides structural support and protection.
Consists of three layers: primary cell wall, secondary cell wall, and middle lamella.
Middle lamella glues adjacent cells together.

Plastids

Plant-specific organelles with various roles.
Chloroplasts: Sites of photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll.
Leucoplasts: Non-pigmented, often store starch or lipids.
Amyloplasts: A type of leucoplast specialized for starch storage.

Peroxisomes and Glyoxysomes

Membrane-bound organelles involved in specialized metabolic processes.
Peroxisomes oxidize organic molecules to H2O2, in leaves, involved in photorespiration.
Glyoxysomes in germinating seeds are responsible for converting fatty acids to sugars for energy.

Cytokinesis

The process of cell division, specifically the division of the cytoplasm.
In plants, a cell plate forms to divide the cytoplasm.
Microtubules and actin form a phragmoplast during cell wall formation.

Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC)

Microtubules originate from this center.
Composed of y-tubulin.
Not found in plant cells (centrioles are)

Cell Junctions

Structures that connect adjacent animal cells.
Types include tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, and focal adhesions, hemidesmosomes.
These junctions allow communication and support.

Nuclear Lamina

A network of intermediate filaments (lamins) that provides structural support to the nuclear envelope.
Important for maintaining nuclear shape and function.
Animal cells have lamins. Plant cells have different molecules instead

Cilia and Flagella

Motile appendages of eukaryotic cells, involved in movement.
Their structure (9+2 arrangement of microtubules) is characteristic of eukaryotic cells.
Cilia are numerous and shorter, flagella are fewer and longer.

Differences Between Cilia and Flagella

Cilia typically occur in large numbers; flagella in fewer quantities.
Cilia are usually shorter than flagella.
Cilia generally move in a coordinated fashion; flagella usually move in a whiplike motion.

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Description

This quiz examines the differences and similarities between plant and animal cell organelles. Explore unique features like chloroplasts and centrioles, as well as common structures such as the plasma membrane and nucleus. Test your knowledge of cell biology and the functional components that define these two types of cells.