Cell Organelles: Plant vs Animal
46 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which type of cell junction is characterized by its direct connection to intermediate filaments?

  • Desmosomes (correct)
  • Adherens junctions
  • Focal adhesions
  • Gap junctions

Which of the following is NOT a function of intermediate filaments?

  • Facilitating paracellular permeability (correct)
  • Creating cell cohesion and preventing cell sheet fracture under tension
  • Establishing cell shape
  • Providing structure for internal organelles

Which of the following pairs correctly matches a cell junction with its associated cytoskeletal element?

  • Adherens junctions and microtubules
  • Tight junctions and intermediate filaments
  • Focal adhesions and actin filaments (correct)
  • Desmosomes and actin filaments

What is the primary function of tight junctions?

<p>Creating a seal to prevent material leakage between cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein family is primarily associated with the formation of desmosomes?

<p>Cadherins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT a component of the endomembrane system?

<p>Mitochondria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nuclear lamina?

<p>To provide structural support and maintain the shape of the nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is directly involved in the organization and movement of chromosomes during cell division?

<p>Microtubules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where would you most likely find chromatin?

<p>Within the nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following membrane-bound organelles is involved in the breakdown and recycling of cellular waste?

<p>Lysosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the extracellular matrix?

<p>Tubulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural protein is a main component of centrioles?

<p>Tubulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many microtubule triplets are found in a centriole?

<p>Nine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the centrosome?

<p>Microtubule organization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of microtubules in cilia and flagella?

<p>9 doublets + 2 singlets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is characteristic of flagella?

<p>Whip-like motion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary difference in quantity between cilia and flagella in a typical cell?

<p>Cilia are typically more numerous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of intermediate filaments?

<p>They extend from the nucleus to the plasma membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glyoxysomes within germinating seeds?

<p>Oxidizing fatty acids to produce sugars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the lipid composition of plastids?

<p>Almost entirely composed of glycosylglycerides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plastid is responsible for storing starch, especially in roots and shoots?

<p>Amyloplasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the proteins and pigments such as chlorophyll and carotenoids primarily located within chloroplasts?

<p>Embedded within the thylakoid membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of leucoplasts in secretory tissues?

<p>Production of volatile molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells in land plants are typically motile and possess flagella?

<p>Male gametes (sperm) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a plant cell wall is primarily responsible for making it less vulnerable to fungal attacks?

<p>Lignin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical arrangement of microtubules in a flagellum’s axoneme?

<p>Nine doublets surrounding two central singlets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the middle lamella in plant cells?

<p>Cememting adjacent cells together (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure directly facilitates the transport of cytoplasmic molecules between neighboring plant cells?

<p>Plasmodesmata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary component of the extracellular matrix in animal cells?

<p>Collagen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phragmoplast and when is it formed in plant cells?

<p>A network of microtubules and F-actin; during telophase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT directly participate in the formation of the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in plants?

<p>Centrioles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the endomembrane system play in plant cells?

<p>Secretion, membrane recycling, cell cycle and storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure within plant cells is responsible for maintaining cell tonicity?

<p>The central vacuole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lytic vacuoles in plant cells?

<p>Protein trafficking, membrane recycling, and protein digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which unique structural feature is characteristic of oil bodies in plant cells?

<p>A lipid monolayer membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of peroxisomes in plant leaf cells?

<p>Participating in photorespiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pectins within the plant cell wall?

<p>To create a gel-like matrix that resists compression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is primarily responsible for the synthesis of cellulose in plant cells?

<p>Plasma membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural component is unique to secondary cell walls that imparts significant strength?

<p>Lignin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chemical property of cellulose microfibrils contributes to their high tensile strength?

<p>Extensive hydrogen bonding between parallel chains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do H+ ions contribute to primary cell wall expansion?

<p>By loosening non-covalent adhesions between wall polysaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule plays a key role in linking microfibrils into a network within the plant cell wall?

<p>Hemicellulose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a primary cell wall from a secondary cell wall?

<p>Primary walls are characteristic of young growing cells and have less lignin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does turgor pressure contribute to the expansion of the primary cell wall?

<p>It generates an outward force (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the four groups of plant cell wall polysaccharides is not synthesized in the RER and Golgi?

<p>Cellulose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the structure of a macrofibril in a plant cell wall?

<p>24 to 36 parallel microfibrils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plasma Membrane

A selectively permeable barrier that encloses the cell, regulating the passage of molecules in and out.

Cytoplasm

The gel-like substance within the cell, containing all the organelles and cytosol.

Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA) and directing cellular activities.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of interconnected membranes that synthesize lipids, detoxify, and transport molecules within the cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Golgi Apparatus

A stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs that modifies and sorts proteins and lipids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Wall

A rigid, protective layer that surrounds plant cells, providing structural support and protection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary Cell Wall

The primary cell wall is a thin and flexible layer found in young, growing plant cells. It's composed primarily of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secondary Cell Wall

The secondary cell wall is a thick and rigid layer found in mature plant cells. It's composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which provides extra strength.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cellulose

A complex carbohydrate that forms strong fibers, providing the cell wall's structural integrity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hemicellulose

A type of polysaccharide that helps bind cellulose fibers, forming a network within the cell wall.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pectin

A soluble fiber that forms a gel-like matrix within the cell wall, providing flexibility and resistance to compression.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glycans

A group of polysaccharides that increase the tensile strength of the cell wall, providing resistance to stretching.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lignin

A complex, rigid polymer that replaces pectin in the secondary cell wall, providing extra strength and stiffness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Wall Expansion

The process by which the primary cell wall stretches outwards, allowing the plant cell to grow in size.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Turgor Pressure

The internal pressure created by the central vacuole, which helps push against the cell wall, promoting expansion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Plate

A complex structure that forms a wall-like structure between new daughter cells during cytokinesis, allowing for the separation of the two cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC)

A specialized structure where microtubules are nucleated and initiated, crucial for cell division and organization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Endomembrane System

A network of membranes that extends throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, playing a vital role in various cellular processes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vacuoles

Membranous sacs that enclose a fluid called vacuolar sap, containing various substances like water, ions, sugars, and pigments.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Central Vacuole

The largest vacuole in a plant cell, usually a single, central vacuole.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lytic Vacuoles

Vacuoles containing hydrolytic enzymes, involved in protein trafficking, membrane recycling, and digestion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peroxisomes

Specialized organelles that contain enzymes oxidizing organic substrates, producing hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Middle Lamella

A shared layer between adjacent plant cells, acting as a glue to cement them firmly together.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plasmodesmata

Junctional complexes between adjacent cells in plant cells, allowing for the free movement of molecules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intermediate Filaments

Intermediate filaments are protein fibers found in the cytoplasm of cells that provide structural support and help maintain cell shape. They are different from other cytoskeletal elements like microtubules and microfilaments.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nuclear Lamina

Nuclear lamins are a type of intermediate filament that form a mesh-like network called the nuclear lamina, which supports the nuclear envelope and helps regulate DNA replication and cell division.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tight Junctions

Tight junctions are specialized cell junctions that form a seal between cells, preventing the leakage of fluids and molecules between them. They are essential for maintaining tissue integrity and regulating permeability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Desmosomes

Desmosomes are strong anchoring junctions that connect cells together, providing structural support and stability to tissues. They are found in tissues that experience mechanical stress, allowing for cellular cohesion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Focal Adhesions

Focal adhesions are specialized structures where cells attach to the extracellular matrix, a network of molecules outside the cell. They are important for cell migration, growth, and differentiation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glyoxysome

A type of peroxisome found in oil-rich storage organs of seeds. They convert fatty acids to sugars.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Semiautonomous Organelles

Organelles that can replicate independently of the cell cycle, similar to mitochondria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chloroplasts

A type of plastid that contains high concentrations of carotenoids, giving them their yellow, red, and orange pigments.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amyloplasts

A type of plastid that lacks pigments and is specialized for storing starch. Abundant in shoots and roots.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chloroplasts Structure

They have three membranes: outer, inner, and thylakoid. Thylakoids are stacked into grana and connected by stromal lamellae.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Flagella Structure

A circular array of nine fused pairs of microtubules (doublets) surrounding two central single microtubules (singlets). 9+2 axonemal structure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Flagellated Sperm

Flagellated sperm are only found in certain plant groups like ferns, mosses, Ginkos, and Cycads, not in flowering plants or pines.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Extracellular Matrix

A specialized extracellular matrix found in animal cells, mainly composed of collagen. Provides structural support and helps with cell communication.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A network of protein fibers embedded within a gel-like substance, providing structural support and flexibility to cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Elastin

A fibrous protein that stretches and recoils, giving tissues elasticity. It's found in skin, lungs, and blood vessels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fibronectin

A large, complex protein that helps cells attach to the ECM, providing structural support and mediating cellular interactions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Laminin

A protein that interacts with other ECM components, forming a network that influences cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Centrioles

A pair of cylindrical organelles composed of microtubule triplets, involved in organizing microtubules during cell division.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Centrosome

A microtubule-organizing center that contains a pair of centrioles and associated proteins, essential for microtubule assembly and cell division.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cilia and Flagella

Hair-like structures on the surface of cells, involved in movement or sensory functions. They are composed of microtubules arranged in a 9+2 pattern.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Plant Cell Organelles

  • Plant cells have unique organelles not found in animal cells.
  • Chloroplasts are sites of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.
  • Central vacuoles maintain turgor pressure, a key factor in plant growth.
  • Cell walls, composed of cellulose, provide support and rigidity, a feature not seen in animals.
  • Plasmodesmata are channels connecting adjacent plant cells, enabling communication and transport.
  • Vacuoles, in addition to other functions, can contain pigment or storage material.

Animal Cell Organelles

  • Animal cells possess organelles not found in plant cells.
  • Centrioles are involved in cell division, forming the spindle apparatus.
  • Lysosomes are specialized organelles for intracellular digestion and waste removal.

Similar Organelles in Plant and Animal Cells

  • Plasma membrane: Encloses the cell, regulating what enters and leaves.
  • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance filling the cell.
  • Nucleus: Contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
  • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins (essential for both).
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): A network of membranes involved in protein synthesis and transport.
  • Golgi apparatus: Processes and packages proteins for secretion.
  • Mitochondria: Produce energy through cellular respiration.

The Endomembrane System

  • A system of interconnected membranes in the cell.
  • Includes nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and lysosomes/ vacuoles.
  • Major functions include protein synthesis, transport, and modification.

Vacuoles

  • Membrane-bound sacs involved in storage and transport.
  • Central vacuoles in plant cells are large, playing a vital role in turgor pressure and maintaining cell shape.
  • Lytic vacuoles in plant cells and lysosomes in animal cells are involved in digestion.

Cell Wall

  • Found only in plant cells, outside the plasma membrane.
  • Composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins and glycans.
  • Provides structural support and protection.
  • Consists of three layers: primary cell wall, secondary cell wall, and middle lamella.
  • Middle lamella glues adjacent cells together.

Plastids

  • Plant-specific organelles with various roles.
  • Chloroplasts: Sites of photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll.
  • Leucoplasts: Non-pigmented, often store starch or lipids.
  • Amyloplasts: A type of leucoplast specialized for starch storage.

Peroxisomes and Glyoxysomes

  • Membrane-bound organelles involved in specialized metabolic processes.
  • Peroxisomes oxidize organic molecules to H2O2, in leaves, involved in photorespiration.
  • Glyoxysomes in germinating seeds are responsible for converting fatty acids to sugars for energy.

Cytokinesis

  • The process of cell division, specifically the division of the cytoplasm.
  • In plants, a cell plate forms to divide the cytoplasm.
  • Microtubules and actin form a phragmoplast during cell wall formation.

Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC)

  • Microtubules originate from this center.
  • Composed of y-tubulin.
  • Not found in plant cells (centrioles are)

Cell Junctions

  • Structures that connect adjacent animal cells.
  • Types include tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, and focal adhesions, hemidesmosomes.
  • These junctions allow communication and support.

Nuclear Lamina

  • A network of intermediate filaments (lamins) that provides structural support to the nuclear envelope.
  • Important for maintaining nuclear shape and function.
  • Animal cells have lamins. Plant cells have different molecules instead

Cilia and Flagella

  • Motile appendages of eukaryotic cells, involved in movement.
  • Their structure (9+2 arrangement of microtubules) is characteristic of eukaryotic cells.
  • Cilia are numerous and shorter, flagella are fewer and longer.

Differences Between Cilia and Flagella

  • Cilia typically occur in large numbers; flagella in fewer quantities.
  • Cilia are usually shorter than flagella.
  • Cilia generally move in a coordinated fashion; flagella usually move in a whiplike motion.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Plant Cell Organelles PDF

Description

This quiz examines the differences and similarities between plant and animal cell organelles. Explore unique features like chloroplasts and centrioles, as well as common structures such as the plasma membrane and nucleus. Test your knowledge of cell biology and the functional components that define these two types of cells.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser