case 5 Cell Organelles

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of mitochondria in cellular metabolism?

Photosynthesis and nutrient storage

Energy production through ATP generation (correct)

Synthesis of ribosomal RNA

Protein degradation and recycling

How do the cristae of mitochondria contribute to ATP production?

By capturing light energy

By facilitating fatty acid oxidation

By increasing the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation (correct)

By housing chlorophyll for photosynthesis

What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory regarding mitochondria?

Mitochondria produce ATP through glycolysis exclusively

Mitochondria possess their own DNA and ribosomes (correct)

Mitochondria have double membranes and perform photosynthesis

Mitochondria are derived from peroxisomes

Which process primarily occurs along the cristae of mitochondria?

Oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is characteristic of chloroplasts?

Thylakoids arranged in stacks called grana Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the function of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?

They play a critical role in fatty acid oxidation and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

To oxidize fatty acids and produce ATP. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of chloroplast structure, which component is essential for capturing light energy?

Thylakoid membranes containing chlorophyll molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

A series of redox reactions in the mitochondria leading to ATP synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts supports the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Endosymbiotic theory, suggesting they originated from free-living prokaryotes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of peroxisomes?

They are involved in detoxifying substances by breaking down fatty acids. Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of mitochondria enhances their function in energy production?

A highly folded inner membrane forming cristae. Signup and view all the answers

What process primarily occurs in mitochondria to produce energy?

Oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the structure of peroxisomes?

They are small, membrane-bound organelles containing specific enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the endosymbiotic theory, which feature supports the idea that mitochondria originated from free-living prokaryotes?

Containment of mitochondrial DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of catalase in peroxisomes?

To break down hydrogen peroxide Signup and view all the answers

Which process is facilitated by the inner membrane of mitochondria?

Electron transport chain activity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organelle is characterized as a site for detoxification and contains oxidase and catalase enzymes?

Peroxisome Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mitochondria

Double-membraned organelles with an outer membrane and a highly-folded inner membrane called cristae
The inner space is called the matrix, containing mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes
Energy production: Generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation that occurs along the cristae as part of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
Cells with higher ATP requirements, contain more cristae
Self-replicating and contain their own DNA and ribosomes, supporting the endosymbiotic theory of their origin

Chloroplasts

Double-membraned organelles containing flattened sacs known as thylakoids, arranged in stacks called grana, surrounded by the fluid-filled stroma

Peroxisomes

Small, membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes like oxidase and catalase
Detoxification: Break down toxic substances and radicals, particularly hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), into water and oxygen via catalase
Involved in fatty acid breakdown

Vacuoles

Digestion: in some cells vacuoles contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion
Can also store water and other substances

Centrosomes and Centrioles

Centrosome is a region near the nucleus containing a pair of centrioles
Microtubule organization: The centrosome is the MTOC (Microtubule Organizing Center), which is crucial for spindle formation during cell division
Centrioles are composed of microtubules arranged in a 9+0 pattern

Differences Between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells: contain membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes
Prokaryotic cells: lack membrane-bound organelles and are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that contains DNA, prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid region with their DNA where it is not bound by a membrane
Eukaryotic cells have linear chromosomes and prokaryotic cells have a single, circular chromosome
Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by binary fission, eukaryotic cells reproduce asexually by mitosis and sexually by meiosis

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