Cell Organelles and Endomembrane System Quiz

Cellular Transport

• Substances are transported around the cell in the spaces between organelles.
• Smooth ER (SER) helps make and transport lipids.
• Rough ER (RER) is dotted with ribosomes and makes and modifies proteins.

Endomembrane System

• Golgi apparatus is a flattened stack of sacs that modify, store, and repackage substances from the ER, mostly for secretion.
• Vesicles are small sacs containing substances like enzymes, proteins, and lipids that store or transport substances around the cell or outside the cell.

Lysosomes

• Lysosomes are special vesicles that contain digestive enzymes to break down and recycle nutrients and cell parts, and destroy bacteria.

Insulin Production

• Insulin production involves DNA in the nucleus, RNA exiting through nuclear membrane pores, insulin assembly in RER, modification in the Golgi apparatus, and secretion outside the cell.

Cell Classification

• Protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals are eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus containing DNA.

Nucleus

• The nucleus is a compartment in the cytoplasm surrounded by a double membrane, containing chromatin (DNA and protein), nucleolus (where rRNA is made), and nuclear envelope with nuclear pores.

Ribosomes

• Ribosomes are the "factories" of the cell, making proteins, and can be free in cytoplasm or attached to ER (RER).
• Ribosomes are made of protein and rRNA and have large and small subunits.

Mitochondria

• Mitochondria make ATP by converting energy from sugars (e.g., glucose) into ATP, which is used by the cell.

Cellular Organelles

• Animal cells have centrioles, flagella, and lysosomes.
• Plant cells have chloroplasts, large vacuoles, and cell walls made of cellulose.
• Both have cytoskeleton (microtubules, centrioles, and fibers) for support and organelle movement.