Cell Biology: Endomembrane System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the endomembrane system?

  • Storage of genetic material
  • Replication of cellular components
  • Synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids (correct)
  • Production of energy through cellular respiration

    • Which organelles are likely part of the endomembrane system?

  • Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum (correct)
  • Ribosomes and peroxisomes
  • Chloroplasts and vacuoles
  • Nucleus and mitochondria

    • What is the main role of lysosomes in a cell?

  • Store genetic material
  • Synthesize proteins
  • Facilitate lipid synthesis
  • Digest nutrients and destroy waste (correct)

    • What type of structures does the endomembrane system primarily involve?

    <p>Flexible membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein folding and modifications?

    <p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the endomembrane system interact with vesicles?

    <p>It assists in sending and receiving vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes semi-autonomous organelles?

    <p>Organelles with their own DNA and somewhat independent functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the Golgi body’s function?

    <p>Sends proteins to their final destinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a characteristic of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>It has a tubular shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT included in the endomembrane system?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional resources are being utilized in Structured Study Sessions?

    <p>Google Forms for student feedback and questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the disclaimer state about the Structured Study Sessions?

    <p>They are not a substitute for regular lectures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are vacuoles primarily known for in plant cells compared to lysosomes in animal cells?

    <p>Maintaining turgor pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cell is synonymous with the nuclear membrane?

    <p>Nuclear envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of the Golgi body structure?

    <p>It consists of flat cisternae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of DNA do mitochondria and chloroplasts possess?

    <p>Prokaryotic DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding mitochondria is true?

    <p>They are the site of cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced as a waste product during cellular respiration in mitochondria?

    <p>Water and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about chloroplasts is true?

    <p>Chloroplasts contain a fluid-filled portion called the stroma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in mitochondria is responsible for increasing the surface area for chemical reactions?

    <p>Cristae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of microtubules?

    <p>Cell shape maintenance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs in chloroplasts?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a plastid?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Microfilaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of membrane structure do mitochondria possess?

    <p>Double membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about mitochondria is false?

    <p>Mitochondria are found only in animal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of microtubule structure contributes to its polarity?

    <p>The orientation of alpha and beta tubulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure surrounds the nucleus with a double-layered membrane?

    <p>Nuclear membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chloroplasts?

    <p>To produce glucose through photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the mitotic spindle?

    <p>Separating chromosomes during mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Separation of the cell from the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is directly connected to the nuclear membrane?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structure primarily supports intracellular transport?

    <p>Microtubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many protofilaments are present in one microtubule?

    <p>13 protofilaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Golgi complex sends vesicles from its ___ face and receives vesicles from its ___ face?

    <p>Trans; cis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the detoxification of drugs?

    <p>Smooth ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does endocytosis have on the membrane surface area?

    <p>Decreases the surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about exocytosis is true?

    <p>It requires energy from ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components of the plasma membrane contributes to its asymmetrical nature?

    <p>Phospholipid bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytoskeletal element lacks polarity?

    <p>Intermediate filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major functions of intermediate filaments?

    <p>Holding organelles in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following motor proteins is incorrectly paired with its cytoskeletal element?

    <p>Dynein; microfilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the composition of intermediate filaments in a cell?

    <p>It varies based on the specific cell type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair correctly matches a cytoskeletal fiber with its component?

    <p>Tubulin makes up microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group consists solely of structures found within the endomembrane system?

    <p>Vacuoles, plasma membrane, golgi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary structural role of intermediate filaments in cells?

    <p>Providing strength and structural integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the interaction of motor proteins with cytoskeletal elements is true?

    <p>Kinesin interacts with microtubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Structured Study Session (SSS) Notes

    • The SSS session covered the Endomembrane System and Semi-Autonomous Organelles.

    • The session was presented by Janelle and Steve on September 24, 2024.

    • The material for this study session was developed by a peer mentor, not course professors. Selection of materials was based on the peer mentor's knowledge of the course and input from the SSS peer mentor team.

    • Land Acknowledgement: The session began with an acknowledgement that the session was taking place on Treaty 6 Territory and the homeland of the Métis, with respect to the First Nations and Métis ancestors.

    • Before the start: Students were encouraged to ask questions for clarification or to address areas of difficulty experienced during lectures. The session would focus on high-yield topics frequently tested. Google Forms (anonymous) were provided to gather feedback on topics covered in the SSS and topics students wanted further clarification. Google Forms were also linked in Canvas.

    • What's On Today's Menu?: The discussion would cover the Endomembrane System, semi-autonomous organelles, and cytoskeletal details.

    • Part 1: Endomembrane System: The session commenced with an explanation of the endomembrane system's role.

    • Endomembrane System (Definition): A network of organelles and structures (membranes) that play a part in protein and lipid synthesis and transport.

    • TL;DR: The structures are involved in sending and receiving vesicles.

    • Discussion Topics: Students were prompted to consider which organelles might participate in the endomembrane system—given their previous knowledge of proteins, lipids, and the respective organelles.

    • Key Structures (LEGVVNP): Lysosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi body (complex/apparatus), Vacuoles, Vesicles, Nuclear membrane/envelope, Plasma membrane.

    • Lysosomes: Membrane-bound vesicles involved in digesting nutrients, eliminating waste, recycling dysfunctional organelles. Lysosomes contain enzymes that work best in acidic environments. They are primarily found in animal cells.

    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER is responsible for protein folding and modification and has ribosomes on its surface. The smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis, calcium storage, and detoxification.

    • Golgi body (complex/apparatus): Processing and packaging center modifying proteins, sending them to their correct destinations, and creating molecules like glycolipids. Cis face is the receiving site and trans face is the shipping site. Interacts directly with vesicles and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

    • Vacuoles: Membrane-bound areas with diverse functions, including water, pigments, ions storage, turgor pressure regulation, waste digestion in plant and fungal cells. Central vacuoles are specifically found in plant cells.

    • Vesicles: Small membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within the cell and between the cell and external environment. Endocytosis (taking materials inside) decreases membrane surface and Exocytosis (releasing materials) increases membrane surface area.

    • Nuclear Membrane (Envelope): Surrounds the nucleus with a double layer, connected directly to the endoplasmic reticulum.

    • Plasma Membrane: Separates the cell from its environment, can be used in endocytosis and exocytosis. Maintains cell shape and is a crucial phospholipid bilayer.

    Questions

    • Question 1: The Golgi complex sends vesicles from its ___ face and receives vesicles from its ___ face.
    • Question 2: Which organelle is responsible for lipid synthesis and drug detoxification?
    • Question 3: Endocytosis is movement ____ the cell and will ____ the membrane surface area.
    • Part 2: Semi-Autonomous Organelles: These organelles have their own DNA and some self-replication and protein synthesis.
    • Semi-Autonomous Organelle Examples: Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Plastids (chromoplast, leucoplast, amyloplast, elaioplast).
    • Not Part of the Endomembrane System: Semi-autonomous organelles.
    • Mitochondria: Sites of cellular respiration which are involved in glucose (sugar) breakdown to produce energy in the form of ATP. They have a double membrane composed of outer membrane, inner membrane with intermembrane space between. The inside of the inner membrane is called the matrix, full of cristae. Mitochondria are found in plants and animals.
    • Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis which involves light, water, and carbon dioxide to create glucose. They have a double membrane, and thylakoids (that form stacks called grana) within. The stroma is the space between the outer membrane and the thylakoid membrane in the liquid portion of the chloroplast.
    • Question 4: Which of the following are considered semi-autonomous organelles?
    • Question 5: In mitochondria, ___ is broken down to generate ___, while in chloroplasts, ___ is made by using ___ energy.
    • Question 6: Which statement is false?
    • Question 7: Which cytoskeletal pairing has the correct motor protein?
    • Question 8: Which cytoskeletal fiber is correctly matched with the element that it is composed of?
    • Peroxisomes: Not part of the endomembrane system or semi-autonomous but perform important functions within the cell.
    • Part 3: Cytoskeleton: The cell's framework/skeleton made of proteins (fibers and tubes) that helps maintain cell shape and polarity and assist with cell processes and reproduction.
    • 3 Types of Cytoskeleton Structure: Microtubules, Intermediate filaments, Microfilaments.
    • Microtubules: A long hollow structure made of tubulin dimers (+ and - ends). Functions include movement, maintaining cell shape, mitotic spindle formation that separates chromosomes, and formation of cilia and flagella (which move cells). Motor proteins kinesin and dynein interact with microtubules.
    • Cilia and Flagella: Hair-like structures constructed from microtubules used for movement (ciliary beating and flagellar whipping / spinning).
    • Microfilaments: Thin solid fibres made of actin polymers (+ and - ends). Functions include maintaining cell shape, muscle contractions via myosin interaction, cytoplasmic streaming, and cell division.
    • Intermediate Filaments: Made of various types of protein filaments; provide cell support and structure. The exact proteins vary between cell types. Functions include maintaining cell shape, stabilizing organelles, and providing structure, particularly throughout the cell's nuclear lamina
    • Question 9: Of the following groups, which is composed only of structures found within the endomembrane system?
    • Question 10: Photosynthesis takes place on a structure within chloroplasts that form a stack. These structures (not the stack) are called ___.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the endomembrane system in cell biology. This quiz covers organelles like lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi body, along with their functions and interactions. Ideal for students studying cell structure and function.

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