2-L1+

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What is a common physiological change that can lead to changes in the blood concentration of cell nutrients and waste products?

Atherosclerosis

Diabetes

Malnutrition

Exercise (correct)

Where do cell nutrients circulating in the blood come from?

Diet, synthesis in body tissues, released from storage, within body tissues (correct)

Only from diet

From waste products, from stress, from malnutrition, from exercise

Only from synthesis in body tissues

Which organ plays a key role in the storage and interconversion of cell nutrients?

Liver (correct)

Skeletal muscle

Lungs

Heart

What is one of the roles of cell nutrients within body tissues?

Synthesis of cell components Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with pathological changes that can affect blood concentration of cell nutrients and waste products?

Shock Signup and view all the answers

What are some sources of cell nutrients circulating in the blood?

Diet, synthesis in body tissues, storage only Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of ATP turnover in cells?

Required to drive various cellular activities Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding high-energy signals?

NAD+, NADP+, and FAD are low-energy signals Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the production of ATP from ADP in glycolysis?

Substrate level phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of creatine phosphate in muscle cells?

Store of free energy Signup and view all the answers

Why is creatinine excreted via the kidneys in urine?

Because it has no function in the body Signup and view all the answers

What does an abnormally high blood creatinine with low urinary creatinine concentration indicate?

Reduced kidney function Signup and view all the answers

Which compound can be used as an indicator of skeletal muscle mass?

Creatinine Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of catabolic pathways according to the text?

Activated when ADP and/or AMP increase Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'substrate level phosphorylation'?

Production of ATP from ADP directly in glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of catabolic pathways in cell metabolism?

To break down larger molecules into smaller ones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about anabolic pathways is correct?

They use energy and intermediary metabolites from catabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of carrier molecules like NAD+ and FAD in cell metabolism?

To carry reducing power between oxidation and reduction reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between enthalpy change (ΔH) and free energy change (ΔG) in a chemical reaction?

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions can a chemical reaction occur spontaneously?

When ΔG is negative Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the standard free energy change (ΔG°) in cell metabolism?

It is measured under standardized conditions of temperature, concentration, and pH Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of the components of carrier molecules like NAD+ and FAD?

They are derived from vitamins in the diet Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about oxidation and reduction reactions is correct?

Oxidation involves the removal of hydrogen atoms or electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP in cell metabolism?

To provide energy for cell function and synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the total concentration of carrier molecules like NAD+ and their oxidized and reduced forms?

The total concentration is constant Signup and view all the answers