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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of cell nutrients circulating in the blood?

Dietary intake

Synthesis in body tissues from precursors

Excretion from liver, kidney, and lungs (correct)

Release from storage in body tissues

Which of the following is a physiological change that can affect the blood concentration of cell nutrients and waste products?

Enzyme deficiency states

Atherosclerosis

Exercise (correct)

Diabetes

In which of the following tissues do cell nutrients undergo metabolism?

All tissues except mature erythrocytes (correct)

Liver only

Kidney cortex only

Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle only

What is the primary function of cell nutrients in body tissues?

Synthesis of cell components Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a pathological change that can affect the blood concentration of cell nutrients and waste products?

Obesity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a metabolic process that cell nutrients undergo in body tissues?

Excretion from liver, kidney, and lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ATP and ADP in the cell?

ATP and ADP couple the release of energy from catabolism to energy-requiring cellular activities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between ATP and ADP in terms of their chemical structure?

ATP and ADP differ in the number of phosphate groups they contain. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy released during the catabolism of fuel molecules?

It is used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the high-energy phosphate bond in ATP?

It facilitates the transfer of energy from ATP to other molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Why is ATP considered a carrier of free energy rather than a store?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

What are the high-energy and low-energy signals in the cell?

High-energy signals: ATP, NADH, NADPH, FAD2H; Low-energy signals: ADP, AMP, NAD+, NADP+, FAD Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of creatine phosphate in muscle cells?

It serves as a small, readily available store of energy for the first few seconds of vigorous muscle activity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between creatinine and skeletal muscle mass?

Creatinine levels in urine and blood are directly proportional to skeletal muscle mass. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of measuring creatinine levels in blood and urine?

Both a and b are correct. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in creatinine excretion between males and females?

Males typically excrete more creatinine than females due to higher skeletal muscle mass. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of cell metabolism?

Providing energy for cell function Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pathway involves the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones?

Catabolic pathways Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of NADPH in cell metabolism?

Biosynthetic reducing power Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is nicotinamide derived from?

Vitamin B3 Signup and view all the answers

What does oxidation involve in biological reactions?

Addition of oxygen or removal of H atoms/electrons Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Nutrients in Blood

Nutrients in the blood include glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, while oxygen is essential for metabolism.
Hormonal changes or physiological factors like exercise can influence blood nutrient concentration.

Tissue Metabolism

Metabolism of nutrients predominantly occurs in liver, muscle, and adipose tissues.
These tissues convert nutrients into energy or building blocks for cellular functions.

Primary Functions of Nutrients

Cell nutrients primarily serve as energy sources and building blocks for cellular structures.
They play critical roles in growth, repair, and maintaining cellular functions.

Changes Affecting Nutrient Concentration

Pathological changes, such as diabetes or kidney disease, can disrupt the balance of nutrient levels and waste products in the blood.
Physiological changes may include fasting, exercise, or hormonal fluctuations affecting nutrient delivery and metabolism.

Metabolic Processes

Common metabolic processes include glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Nutrients do not undergo breakdown through enzymatic hydrolysis as a metabolic process.

ATP and ADP Role

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and ADP (adenosine diphosphate) are crucial for energy transfer within cells.
ATP contains three phosphate groups, while ADP has two, with energy stored in the high-energy phosphate bonds.

Energy Release in Catabolism

Energy released during the breakdown of fuel molecules is captured in ATP for cellular work.
This energy fuels various processes, including muscle contraction and biosynthesis.

Significance of ATP

The high-energy phosphate bond in ATP is vital for energy transfer during chemical reactions.
ATP is termed a carrier of free energy because it readily donates energy for biological reactions, rather than merely storing it.

Intracellular Signals

High-energy signals, represented by ATP, indicate energy abundance, while low-energy signals, such as ADP or AMP, suggest energy depletion.

Creatine Phosphate in Muscle

Creatine phosphate serves as a rapid energy reserve in muscles, quickly regenerating ATP during intense activity.
The amount of creatine in muscles correlates with skeletal muscle mass, aiding in energy provision for muscle contractions.

Creatinine and Muscle Mass

Creatinine is a waste product of creatine metabolism; its levels indicate kidney function and muscle mass.
High levels of creatinine in blood and urine signify impaired kidney function or increased muscle breakdown.

Gender Differences in Creatinine Excretion

Males typically have higher creatinine excretion than females due to greater muscle mass and size differences.

Functions of Cell Metabolism

The main function of cell metabolism is to convert nutrients into usable energy and maintain homeostasis.
Catabolic pathways break down larger molecules into smaller, energy-releasing products.

Role of NADPH

NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is critical for anabolic reactions and acts as a reducing agent in biosynthesis.
Nicotinamide, a precursor to NADPH, is derived from niacin (vitamin B3).

Oxidation in Biological Reactions

Oxidation involves the loss of electrons or hydrogen atoms from molecules, resulting in energy release essential for metabolic pathways.

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Description

Test your knowledge on cell metabolism, blood nutrients, and waste products. Learn about the importance of maintaining normal cellular function and how clinicians measure substances in blood for diagnosis and treatment monitoring.