Questions and Answers
What is the slope of the log-log relationship between metabolic rate and body mass?
What term is used to describe the physiologically-related mass that changes less rapidly than actual body mass?
Why is the slope of the log-log relationship considered a compromise?
What misconception about metabolic rates do many textbooks present?
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Which represents the theoretical slope in four-dimensional space for metabolic rate?
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What significant mistake is highlighted concerning drug dosage in elephants?
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What process is indicated to be proportional to metabolic rate?
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What are the units of 'MASS' indicated in the comparison between the mouse, human, and elephant?
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What is the process by which early photosynthetic bacteria converted sunlight into energy?
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Which of the following methods is not used to measure metabolic rate?
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What happens to oxygen levels in the atmosphere due to the activity of photosynthetic plants over time?
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Which of the following factors does not influence metabolic rate?
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What equation represents the relationship between glucose and oxygen in animal metabolism?
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Which statement correctly describes the relationship between body mass and metabolic rate?
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Which of the following is a correct definition of metabolic rate?
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What is the main role of ATP in cells?
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Which of the following factors does NOT influence the metabolic rate of animals?
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What is the net useful energy produced from anaerobic metabolism of glucose?
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How much total energy is generated from one mole of glucose during aerobic metabolism?
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Which statement best defines animal metabolism?
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During anaerobic metabolism, which byproduct is produced from glucose?
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What is one significant implication of physical laws on biological reactions?
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Which of the following statements about cell metabolism is accurate?
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What is the slope representing the effect of mass on metabolism across almost all animals?
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Which of the following factors significantly increases chemical reaction rates?
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In terms of locomotion, what is a major difference between aquatic and aerial movement?
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What is the term used to describe the metabolic cost associated with locomotion?
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Which mechanism is NOT a way for animals to swim?
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Which animal uses jet propulsion as a means of locomotion?
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How does the metabolic cost of walking or running generally change with speed?
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What is the Q10 value corresponding to most biochemical reactions?
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Which of the following methods is used for powered flight in animals?
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Which of the following statements about gliding is true?
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Study Notes
Cell Metabolism
- Involves energy usage through catabolism (breaking down) and anabolism (synthesizing) of organic molecules.
- Defines overall animal metabolism, producing heat and is referred to as “THE FIRE OF LIFE”.
Metabolism and Physical Laws
- Biochemical reactions governed by physical laws dictate energy exchange and transformation important for biological processes.
- Conservation of energy is a core principle; understanding it is essential for biologists.
Metabolic Rates
- Influenced by factors: presence of oxygen, activity level, body mass, cellular complexity, phylogeny, and body/ambient temperature.
- Metabolic rate measures are varied, including heat production, oxygen consumption, and energy balance.
ATP and Energy
- ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) acts as an energy source, releasing 22 kJ of useful energy per mole when phosphate groups are lost.
- Also important for DNA, RNA, and function as a coenzyme.
Anaerobic and Aerobic Metabolism
- Anaerobic metabolism generates 2 lactate and 2 ATP from glucose, producing 117 kJ/mole of total energy.
- Aerobic metabolism breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen into carbon dioxide and water, generating 2870 kJ/mole of total energy.
Origin of Oxygen
- Early Earth atmosphere lacked oxygen; first photosynthetic bacteria did not use oxygen but synthesized organic molecules from CO2.
- Photosynthetic plants produced oxygen over 2 billion years ago, contributing to the current atmospheric level of 21% oxygen.
Measuring Metabolic Rates
- Multiple methods available, including heat production, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and substrate utilization.
- Antoine Lavoisier first measured heat production to gauge metabolic rate using an ice jacket method.
Activity Level and Metabolic Rate
- Metabolic rate varies widely from minimal/basal to maximal/summit levels.
- High physical activity results in increased metabolic rates.
Body Mass and Metabolic Rate
- Larger animals generally have a lower metabolic rate per gram than smaller animals, influenced by various scales.
- A logarithmic scale relationship shows a slope of 0.75, suggesting a compromise between mass and surface area.
Cellular Grade and Metabolic Rate
- Metabolism varies among unicellular organisms, poikilotherms (cold-blooded), and homeotherms (warm-blooded).
- The slope of 0.75 applies across most species, regardless of body size.
Impact of Temperature on Metabolism
- Higher temperatures accelerate chemical reactions; Q10 describes the proportional increase in reaction rate over a 10°C range.
- Biochemical processes typically see a Q10 value between 2-3, indicating significant reaction acceleration with temperature.
Locomotion and Metabolism
- Different forms of locomotion (aquatic, terrestrial, aerial) incur varying metabolic costs.
- Aquatic movement relies on drag, while aerial movement hinges on lift.
Aquatic Locomotion Strategies
- Jet propulsion is utilized by jellyfish and cephalopods; drag from limbs is common in other aquatic animals.
- Larger aquatic animals can achieve lift through hydrofoils.
Aerial Locomotion and Flight
- Flight requires the generation of lift to counteract weight and drag; parachuting is a primitive flight form utilizing drag.
- Gliding employs less energy than powered flight and can be seen in various mammal species.
Powered Flight Evolution
- Two main theories for powered flight evolution: ground-up (leaping dinosaurs) and tree-down (gliding mammals).
Running and Walking Mechanics
- Limbs act as levers to support body weight and facilitate forward movement, optimized for stability.
- The metabolic cost is typically linear with speed and selected gait, remaining independent of speed for efficiency in transport.
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Description
Explore the intricate world of cell metabolism, including catabolism and anabolism, and how they contribute to the overall metabolic rate. Understand the influence of physical laws on biochemical reactions and the role of ATP as an energy currency. This quiz covers both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism to provide a comprehensive understanding of energy transformation in biological systems.
