Biology Lesson 9.1 Energy and Life

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of ATP in cells?

Regulating DNA synthesis

Transporting oxygen

Breaking down glucose

Storing chemical energy (correct)

What distinguishes ADP from ATP?

ADP contains a different sugar than ATP

ADP is more stable than ATP

ADP can transport ions while ATP cannot

ADP has one fewer phosphate group than ATP (correct)

Which of the following organisms is classified as a heterotroph?

Bacteria

Mushrooms (correct)

Algae

Grasses

What is the name of the pigment responsible for capturing sunlight in plants?

Chlorophyll Signup and view all the answers

What are the thylakoids within chloroplasts?

Interconnected stacks of chlorophyll membranes Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms can use sunlight to synthesize their own food?

Autotrophs Signup and view all the answers

How do cells primarily use ATP in the context of active transport?

To power sodium-potassium pumps Signup and view all the answers

What is the stroma in a chloroplast?

The fluid portion outside of the thylakoids Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Oxygen gas, ATP, and NADPH Signup and view all the answers

How do hydrogen ions contribute to ATP production during photosynthesis?

They establish a concentration gradient that powers ATP synthase Signup and view all the answers

What role do enzymes play in the Calvin Cycle?

They facilitate the combination of CO2 with 5-carbon molecules Signup and view all the answers

During the Calvin Cycle, what happens to two of the high-energy 3-carbon molecules?

They are used for producing other organic compounds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT directly affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Soil pH Signup and view all the answers

What role does NADP+ play in photosynthesis?

It serves as an electron carrier that accepts high-energy electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?

In the thylakoid membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What is produced as a byproduct during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the light-independent reactions?

They use ATP and NADPH to build sugar molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the electrons in chlorophyll when light is absorbed?

They are raised to a higher energy level. Signup and view all the answers

How does the energy from high-energy electrons affect the thylakoid space?

It pumps H+ ions into the thylakoid space. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the light-dependent reactions?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of photosystems in photosynthesis?

To absorb sunlight and convert it into chemical energy. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lesson 9.1 Energy and Life

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is a small molecule used by all cells to store and release energy.
ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
The phosphate groups are key to ATP's energy storage and release function.
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) has two phosphate groups.
When energy is available, cells add phosphate groups to ADP to create ATP.
Cells release energy by breaking the bonds between phosphate groups in ATP.
ATP is like a fully charged battery, and ADP a partially charged battery.
Cells use ATP for active transport.
Cell membranes contain sodium-potassium pumps that move sodium ions out and potassium ions in, using ATP.

Heterotrophs and Autotrophs

Heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other living things for food.
Examples include animals that eat plants or other animals.
Fungi and some bacteria are also heterotrophs.
Autotrophs create their own food using energy from sunlight.
Plants and some bacteria are examples of autotrophs.

Chlorophyll and Chloroplasts

Photosynthetic organisms use pigments to capture sunlight.
Chlorophyll is the key pigment in green plants.
Chloroplasts are the organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place.
Chloroplasts have two membranes and contain thylakoids.
Thylakoids are interconnected sacs that form stacks called grana.
The fluid portion outside the thylakoids is the stroma.

High-Energy Electrons

Electron carriers are molecules that carry high-energy electrons.
NADP+ is an important electron carrier.
It accepts high-energy electrons and hydrogen ions (H+).
Converting NADP+ to NADPH stores energy.

An Overview of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen.
The overall reaction is represented by the equation 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Stages of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis involves light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes.
They require light and use water to produce oxygen, ATP and NADPH.
Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma.
They use ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into sugars (glucose).

Lesson 9.3 - The Process of Photosynthesis (Light-Dependent Reactions)

Photosystems are clusters of chlorophyll and other proteins in the thylakoid membranes.
Electron transport chains are a series of electron carrier proteins in the chloroplast.
Water molecules are split during the light-dependent reactions to release oxygen, hydrogen ions and electrons.
Electrons move along electron transport chains, releasing energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space.
The buildup of hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space creates a concentration gradient.
This gradient powers ATP synthase.
NADP+ accepts the electrons and hydrogen ions to produce NADPH.

Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Carbon dioxide is absorbed into the chloroplast.
A 5-carbon compound combines with carbon dioxide.
ATP and NADPH provide ATP and energy to make glucose (sugar).
The cycle regenerates the 5-carbon compound.

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of how energy is produced and utilized in living cells. This lesson focuses on ATP and ADP, and distinguishes between heterotrophs and autotrophs. Understand the processes involved in cellular energy transfer and its significance for life.