Biology Chapter on Energy and Metabolism
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Biology Chapter on Energy and Metabolism

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Questions and Answers

What type of reaction releases energy by breaking down larger molecules into smaller subunits?

  • Metabolic reactions
  • Anabolic reactions
  • Catabolic reactions (correct)
  • Coupled reactions

    • Anabolic reactions synthesize larger molecules and do not require energy.

    False

    What are the smaller building blocks produced from the catabolic breakdown of food called?

    cellular building blocks

    Catabolic pathways break down food into smaller __________, releasing energy in the process.

    <p>cellular building blocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Catabolic reactions = Release energy by breaking down molecules Anabolic reactions = Require energy to build larger molecules Metabolism = Biochemical reactions maintaining life Cellular building blocks = Small subunits derived from food molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does BMR stand for?

    <p>Basal Metabolic Rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RMR accounts for the calories burned during the digestion of food.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between BMR and RMR?

    <p>BMR measures calories burned at rest without digestion, while RMR includes calories burned during digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formula to calculate BMR for men includes _______ for weight.

    <p>6.24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their descriptions:

    <p>BMR = Calories burned at basic levels during fasting RMR = Calories burned including digestion while resting Caloric expenditure = Total energy burned over time Metabolic rate = Rate of energy use in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ATP in cells?

    <p>Releases energy for cell activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADP is considered a 'charged battery'.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released when the bonds in food are broken?

    <p>Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ATP is converted to ADP when energy is ______.

    <p>used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the component of ATP/ADP to its description:

    <p>Adenine = A nitrogenous base found in both ATP and ADP Ribose = A sugar molecule present in ATP and ADP Phosphate groups = Responsible for energy storage and release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors are included in the BMR formula?

    <p>Weight, height, age, sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetics and hormones are major factors included in standard BMR formulas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a higher BMR indicate?

    <p>More calories needed/burned per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The BMR formula for men includes the term 66.47 + (6.24 * weight in ______) + (12.7 * height in inches) - (6.755 * age).

    <p>lbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the BMR formulas with the correct gender:

    <p>BMR = 66.47 + (6.24 * weight in lbs) + (12.7 * height in inches) - (6.755 * age) = Men BMR = 655.1 + (4.35 * weight in lbs) + (4.7 * height in inches) - (4.7 * age) = Women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the stomach in the digestive system?

    <p>Mixes food with gastric juice to create chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pancreas is responsible for producing saliva.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the gallbladder play in digestion?

    <p>Stores bile and releases it into the small intestine when needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules is called __________.

    <p>digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the digestive organs to their primary functions:

    <p>Mouth = Chews food and mixes it with saliva Liver = Produces bile for fat digestion Small Intestine = Absorbs nutrients into blood or lymph Large Intestine = Absorbs water and passes waste material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates into simpler sugars?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pepsin is an enzyme that acts on lipids during digestion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of amylase in the digestive system?

    <p>To break down starch into sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ is the enzyme that helps digest milk sugar.

    <p>Lactase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following enzymes with their respective substrates:

    <p>Amylase = Starch Lipase = Lipid Pepsin = Protein Lactase = Lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fats are primarily broken down in the stomach.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the last two parts of the gastrointestinal tract in order.

    <p>Rectum and Anus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is responsible for the absorption of nutrients in the digestive system.

    <p>small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the gastrointestinal tract with their functions:

    <p>Mouth = Initial site of digestion and mechanical breakdown Esophagus = Tube connecting the mouth to the stomach Stomach = Mixes and breaks down food into a semi-liquid form Large intestine = Absorbs water and forms waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the liver in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Purifies blood and secretes bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gallbladder is responsible for producing digestive enzymes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one enzyme secreted by the salivary glands.

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes, including ________ for protein digestion.

    <p>peptidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the accessory organs with their primary functions:

    <p>Salivary Glands = Lubrication and digestion of food with amylase Liver = Secretes bile and purifies blood Gallbladder = Stores bile Pancreas = Secretes digestive enzymes including peptidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of biting and chewing in the mouth during digestion?

    <p>To mechanically break down food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peristalsis refers to the process of mixing food in the stomach.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three stages of stomach activity involved in mechanical digestion?

    <p>Propulsion, Grinding, Retropulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During mechanical digestion, the stomach undergoes __________ to mix food with gastric juices.

    <p>contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system?

    <p>Oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Biting and Chewing = Initial mechanical breakdown of food Contractions = Mixing food with gastric juices Peristalsis = Propelling food through the GI tract Grinding = Further breakdown of food in the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Digestion includes both mechanical and chemical processes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves taking up the basic building blocks from the GI tract into the blood?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of eliminating non-absorbed waste from the body is called __________.

    <p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the functions of the digestive system with their descriptions:

    <p>Digestion = Breakdown of large molecules into building blocks Absorption = Uptake of nutrients into the blood or lymph Excretion = Elimination of non-absorbed waste Elimination of microbes = Protection against foodborne infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Energy

    • Cells require energy for growth, repair, and movement.
    • Energy is released by breaking down food molecules.
    • This energy is used to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
    • ATP is like a battery for cells, storing energy and releasing it when needed.
    • ATP is converted into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) when energy is released.
    • ADP is converted back into ATP when energy is used to add a phosphate group.

    Metabolism

    • Metabolism describes the biochemical reactions that maintain life within a living organism.
    • Catabolic reactions break down larger molecules into smaller ones and release energy.
    • Anabolic reactions build larger molecules from smaller ones and require energy.
    • Catabolic and anabolic reactions are coupled, meaning they are dependent on each other.

    Metabolic Rates

    • A metabolic rate is the amount of energy (calories) spent in a certain amount of time.
    • Metabolic rates can vary greatly between individuals.
    • The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is the number of calories burned during basic life-sustaining functions, while resting.
    • The Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) includes the energy required for digestion, and is measured when resting.
    • The Harris-Benedict formula is used to calculate BMR, taking into account:
      • Weight
      • Height
      • Age
      • Sex
    • The higher the BMR, the more calories an individual needs/burns per day.
    • Genetics and hormones also influence BMR.

    Digestion

    • Food needs to be broken down into small components for absorption into the bloodstream or lymph.
    • This breakdown occurs in the digestive system, also known as the gastrointestinal tract.
    • The gastrointestinal tract is a long muscular tube that provides space for digestion and absorption of nutrients.

    Major Structures and Organs of the Digestive System

    • Mouth: Chews food and mixes it with saliva, starting mechanical digestion.
    • Salivary glands: Produce saliva containing salivary amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch.
    • Pharynx: Swallows the chewed food (bolus).
    • Esophagus: Transports the bolus to the stomach.
    • Stomach: Mixes and churns food with gastric juice containing acid and pepsin, a protein-digesting enzyme; creating chyme.
    • Liver: Produces bile, which aids in fat digestion and absorption.
    • Pancreas: Releases bicarbonate to neutralize intestinal contents, and produces enzymes for carbohydrate, protein, and fat digestion.
    • Gallbladder: Stores bile and releases it into the small intestine.
    • Small Intestine: Digests food and absorbs nutrients.
    • Large Intestine: Absorbs water and some vitamins and minerals, houses bacteria, and passes waste material.
    • Anus: Opens to allow waste to leave the body.

    Functions of the Digestive System

    • Digestion: The process of breaking down large food molecules into smaller building blocks using mechanical and chemical methods.
    • Absorption: The uptake of these building blocks by cells lining the gastrointestinal tract, which then enter the blood or lymph.
    • Excretion: Elimination of non-absorbed waste from the body.
    • Elimination of microbes: Eliminating microbes ingested with food, assisted by the immune system to protect the digestive system from infections.

    Mechanical Digestion

    • Biting and chewing in the mouth: This initial step mechanically breaks down food.
    • Contractions, mixing in the stomach: The stomach contracts to mix food with gastric juices.
    • Peristalsis: Rhythmic muscle contractions throughout the gastrointestinal tract propel food forward.

    Chemical Digestion

    • Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
    • Major digestive enzymes and their substrates:
      • Amylase: starch (carbohydrate)
      • Lipase: lipids (fats)
      • Peptidase, protease, pepsin: peptides (proteins)
      • Lactase: lactose (milk sugar)
      • Sucrase: sucrose (table sugar)

    Gastrointestinal Tract

    • Major parts include the:
      • Mouth
      • Esophagus
      • Stomach
      • Small intestine
      • Large intestine
      • Rectum
      • Anus
    • Different molecules are broken down and absorbed in specific parts of the digestive system. For example, fats are broken down in the small intestine.

    Accessory Organs of the Gastrointestinal Tract

    • Accessory organs produce and secrete substances to the gastrointestinal tract for chemical breakdown of food.
    • Salivary glands: Produce saliva containing amylase and lipase enzymes.
    • Liver: Secretes bile and purifies blood coming from the small intestine.
    • Gallbladder: Stores bile.
    • Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes.

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    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of energy, metabolism, and metabolic rates in this quiz. Learn how cells convert food into ATP, the role of catabolic and anabolic reactions, and the significance of metabolic rates. Test your understanding of these fundamental topics in biology.

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