Cell Membrane Transport and Blood Glucose Regulation

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Questions and Answers

Through which type of transport does the cell membrane change its structure and intake large molecules?

Endocytosis (correct)

Secondary active transport

Passive transport

Exocytosis

What is the normal blood glucose range?

60-100 mg/dL

70-120 mg/dL (correct)

90-130 mg/dL

50-80 mg/dL

What substance will be released in response to low blood sodium and low blood pressure?

Epinephrine

Vasopressin

Aldosterone (correct)

Tetrodotoxin

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is released from which organ when blood glucose levels are high?

Pancreas; Beta cells; Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is marasmus? What is the treatment?

Marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition caused by insufficient caloric intake. Treatment typically involves gradual refeeding with a balanced diet. Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is most likely to contain large amounts of peroxisomes?

Brain Signup and view all the answers

During the second or third trimester of pregnancy, high levels of which substance are indicative of a genetic disorder for the child?

Alpha-fetoprotein Signup and view all the answers

During what phase does crossing over occur?

Prophase of meiosis I Signup and view all the answers

During the absolute refractory period, if a second action potential is fired during the depolarization phase of muscle contraction and it is powerful enough to surpass the threshold, another muscle contraction will occur.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is/are inhibitory neurotransmitter(s)?

Glycine Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the liver uptakes glucose and converts it into glycogen?

Glycogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is Gaucher's disease? What are the different types?

Gaucher's disease is a genetic disorder caused by the accumulation of glucocerebroside due to a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. The main types are Type 1 (non-neuronopathic), Type 2 (acute neuronopathic), and Type 3 (subacute neuronopathic). Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be prescribed to a patient with type II diabetes?

Metformin Signup and view all the answers

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of?

Active transport. Signup and view all the answers

A 10 year old boy has a weak immune system, muscle weakness, hypoglycemia, severe weight loss, and pigment cell problems. What is your diagnosis?

Adrenal insufficiency or potential autoimmune condition. Signup and view all the answers

What are the different parts of the cell cycle? What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis? Do genetic abnormalities occur during mitosis or meiosis?

The cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitosis. Mitosis results in two identical cells, while meiosis results in four genetically varied cells. Genetic abnormalities are more likely during meiosis due to crossing over. Signup and view all the answers

A patient comes in with hypertension, heart palpitations, severe headaches, sleep disorders, and excess sweating. What is your diagnosis?

Pheochromocytoma. Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia is due to over secretion of dopamine in the?

Mesolimbic pathway. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for deforming the membrane during endocytosis?

Clathrin protein Signup and view all the answers

Define and state the functions of cytoplasm.

Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles. It supports and suspends these organelles and is the site of many metabolic processes. Signup and view all the answers

Deficiency of the dopamine that is secreted by the hypothalamus affects?

Movement. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characterized by a disorder of the connective tissue leading to disproportionately long limbs, tall stature, and cardiomegaly?

Marfan syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is FALSE in regards to meiosis II?

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Why can anaerobic respiration be harmful to humans?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP, along with lactic acid, which can be harmful in excess. Signup and view all the answers

Each cluster of DNA and histone is called a ______.

nucleosome Signup and view all the answers

Which part of cellular respiration makes the most ATP?

ETC Signup and view all the answers

What is the equilibrium potential for chloride?

Approximately -70 mV. Signup and view all the answers

Depolarization of the muscle cell membrane is caused by?

Influx of sodium ions. Signup and view all the answers

What are prostaglandins? What do they do?

Prostaglandins are lipid compounds that perform various functions in the body including mediating inflammation and modulating immune responses. Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are true about a malignant neoplasm EXCEPT

They are always benign Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a redox reaction that occurs throughout cellular respiration?

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Signup and view all the answers

Intersexuality is a characteristic of which of the following?

A condition where individuals possess both male and female biological characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Study Questions Summary

Disclaimer: Review questions created by Kristin, not verified by Dr. Ahangari. Use PowerPoints for complete content coverage.
Take breaks, stay calm, and maintain a positive mindset during study sessions.

Key Topics and Concepts

Cell Membrane Transport:
- Endocytosis allows cells to intake large molecules through membrane structure changes.
Normal Blood Glucose Range:
- Typical glucose levels are between 70-120 mg/dL.
Hormonal Response to Low Blood Sodium & Pressure:
- Vasopressin is released in response to low sodium and blood pressure.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Function:
- RER is primarily associated with protein synthesis and associated transport functions.
Blood Glucose Regulation:
- Insulin is secreted by beta cells in the pancreas when blood glucose is elevated.
Marasmus:
- A form of severe malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency; treatment often includes nutritional replenishment.
Peroxisomes:
- Organs like the liver (and to some extent, the kidneys) have large peroxisome concentrations, involved in fat metabolism.
Prenatal Genetic Disorder Indicator:
- High levels of alpha-fetoprotein in the second trimester may suggest genetic disorders in the fetus.
Genetic Processes:
- Crossing over occurs during prophase of meiosis I, essential for genetic diversity.
Action Potentials in Muscle Contraction:
- The absolute refractory period prohibits the firing of a second action potential, irrespective of its strength.
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters:
- Serotonin, glycine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and GABA exhibit inhibitory neurotransmission roles.
Liver Glucose Uptake:
- Gluconeogenesis is the process of utilizing glucose and converting it to glycogen in the liver.
Cholesterol Binding Disorder:
- A disease characterized by the absence of receptors for low-density lipoproteins affects cholesterol metabolism.
Gaucher's Disease:
- A genetic disorder affecting lipid metabolism with multiple types based on symptoms and severity.
Type II Diabetes Management:
- Metformin is commonly prescribed for controlling blood sugar levels in Type II diabetes patients.
Sodium-Potassium Pump:
- An example of active transport critical for maintaining cellular ion balance.
Immune System Weakness Symptoms:
- Weak immune response, muscle weakness, hypoglycemia, significant weight loss, and pigment problems point towards certain disorders.
Cell Cycle Dynamics:
- Differentiates between mitosis (cell division) and meiosis (gamete formation), with genetic abnormalities more likely during meiosis.
Hypertension Symptoms Diagnosis:
- Symptoms like palpitations, headaches, and excessive sweating may indicate specific endocrine disorders.
Dopamine and Schizophrenia:
- Schizophrenia is associated with excessive dopamine secretion, affecting brain functions related to mood and perception.
Endocytosis Mechanism:
- Clathrin proteins facilitate membrane deformation necessary for the process of endocytosis.
Cytoplasm Role:
- The cytoplasm serves as the medium for cellular processes and houses structures necessary for function.
Dopamine Deficiency Effects:
- Dopamine deficits from the hypothalamus can lead to motor control issues.
Connective Tissue Disorders:
- Conditions like Marfan syndrome are characterized by long limbs, tall stature, and potential cardiac issues.
Meiosis II Characteristics:
- Misconceptions about meiosis II can lead to misunderstandings in genetics.
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration:
- Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more energy, while anaerobic respiration, though less efficient, can lead to lactic acid build-up, harmful to tissues.
Cellular Respiration ATP Production:
- The electron transport chain (ETC) generates the majority of ATP during cellular respiration.
Equilibrium Potential:
- The equilibrium potential for chloride ions is critical for understanding neuronal signaling.
Muscle Cell Depolarization:
- Triggered by sodium ions entering the muscle cell during action potential generation.
Prostaglandins Functions:
- These lipid compounds are involved in diverse physiological functions, including inflammation and pain mediation.
Malignant Neoplasms Characteristics:
- Understanding the nature of malignant tumors and their behaviors is essential for cancer treatment strategies.
Redox Reactions in Cellular Respiration:
- Important examples of redox reactions occur during the Krebs cycle and ETC, vital for energy production.
Intersexuality in Genetics:
- A condition marked by ambiguity in sexual characteristics; genetic implications are significant.
Percentage of Fluid Filtration from Kidneys:
- Effective filtration rates and fluid dynamics are important in understanding kidney function.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to cell membrane transport mechanisms, normal blood glucose levels, hormonal responses to low sodium, and protein synthesis in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. Additionally, it explores conditions like Marasmus and the regulation of blood glucose by insulin. Perfect for reviewing for your biology exam!