Cell Membrane Functions Quiz
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the cell membrane?

  • Regulating the passage of molecules
  • Acting as a barrier between the cell's interior and exterior
  • Anchoring the cytoskeleton
  • Producing proteins (correct)

    • What type of molecule is primarily responsible for creating the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane?

  • Transmembrane proteins
  • Cholesterol (correct)
  • Peripheral proteins
  • Glycoproteins

    • What is the key difference between integral and peripheral membrane proteins?

  • Integral proteins are water-soluble, peripheral proteins are not.
  • Integral proteins bind to ligands, peripheral proteins do not.
  • Integral proteins span the entire membrane, peripheral proteins reside on one side. (correct)
  • Integral proteins are involved in cell communication, peripheral proteins are involved in cell structure.

    • What type of protein facilitates the movement of specific molecules across the cell membrane?

    <p>Carrier protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of transmembrane proteins?

    <p>Providing structural support for the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a ligand?

    <p>A molecule that binds to a receptor protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of gap junctions?

    <p>They act as channels for the movement of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are glycolipids and glycoproteins considered important components of the cell membrane?

    <p>They aid in cell-to-cell recognition and communication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump?

    <p>It maintains an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During repolarization of a neuron, which ion moves out of the cell?

    <p>Potassium (K+) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>To maintain the resting membrane potential by moving ions across the membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is considered a non-membranous organelle?

    <p>Cytoskeleton (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transfer RNA (tRNA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the start codon AUG in protein synthesis?

    <p>Initiates the process of translation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of DNA being transcribed into RNA called?

    <p>Transcription (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a membranous organelle?

    <p>Golgi complex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleus within a cell?

    <p>Storage of genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sodium-potassium pump contribute to a more negative charge inside the cell?

    <p>It pumps more sodium ions out of the cell than potassium ions in (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA involved in protein synthesis?

    <p>Signal Recognition Particle RNA (SRP RNA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissue?

    <p>Composed of sparsely spread out cells with extracellular matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue is responsible for the movement of mucus in the respiratory system?

    <p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fibroblast cells in connective tissue?

    <p>Synthesis and secretion of extracellular matrix components (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands secretes its products via the loss of the entire cell?

    <p>Oil glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue provides a strong, flexible framework for the trachea and ear cartilage?

    <p>Cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options accurately describes the relationship between cellular respiration and ATP?

    <p>ATP is a byproduct of cellular respiration, providing energy for various cellular processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is energy stored in the ATP molecule?

    <p>In the phosphate-phosphate bonds, specifically the high-energy bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these describes the role of chemiosmosis in ATP formation during cellular respiration?

    <p>Chemiosmosis generates a proton gradient across a membrane, driving the synthesis of ATP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration?

    <p>To oxidize acetyl-CoA, producing electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) for the electron transport chain and releasing carbon dioxide as a waste product. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a characteristic of cellular respiration?

    <p>It directly utilizes sunlight to convert CO2 and water into glucose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a key difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p>DNA has a deoxyribose sugar while RNA has a ribose sugar. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the base pairing rules for DNA?

    <p>Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

    <p>To generate a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, driving ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these base pairings is specific to RNA?

    <p>Adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a major step in cellular respiration?

    <p>Photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a common structure found in most cells?

    <p>Mitochondria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in a cell?

    <p>Controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell replicates through meiosis?

    <p>Gamete cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining feature of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Having a well-defined nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm called?

    <p>Cytosol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>Synthesizing proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major difference between the cytosol and the cytoplasm?

    <p>Cytosol is the liquid portion whereas the cytoplasm is the entire space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Week 3 Concepts

    • Principles of Cell Theory (C150):
      • The smallest structure capable of carrying out life processes is a cell.
      • Every organism consists of one or more cells.
      • Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
    • Organization of cells:
      • Prokaryotic cells: Lack an organized nucleus.
      • Eukaryotic cells: Contain an organized and well-defined nucleus.
    • Four structures common to most cells:
      • Plasma (cell) membrane: Separates internal and external environments.
      • DNA: Genetic material that controls an organism's composition.
      • Cytoplasm: Consists of cytosol (liquid portion) and organelles.
      • Organelles: Specialized structures within the cell, including ribosomes (protein synthesis site).
    • Eukaryotic Human Cells:
      • Cytoskeleton: Intracellular support, used in cell movement and organelle transport.
      • Cells: Composed of plasma membranes, cytoplasm, and cytosol.
    • Cytosol: The clear gel within the cell referred to as intracellular fluid; cytoplasm includes the cytosol and cytoskeleton.
    • Gamete and Somatic Cells:
      • Gametes: Sex cells (sperm and ovum) that replicate via meiosis.
      • Somatic cells: All other cells in the body that replicate via mitosis.

    Introduction to Cell membranes and their function (C151)

    • Functions of the cell membrane:
      • Acts as a barrier protecting the cell's inner content from the extracellular environment.
      • Anchors the cytoskeleton.
      • Shapes the cell.
      • Allows for cell communication through chemical passage.
    • Movement of essential molecules into and out of cells.
    • Made from a phospholipid bilayer:
      • Hydrophilic (water-loving) heads
      • Hydrophobic (water-hating) tails
    • Molecules embedded in phospholipid bilayer:
      • Transmembrane proteins: Span the membrane width.
      • Peripheral proteins: Found on one surface.
      • Cholesterol: Creates fluid mosaic structure and flexibility.
      • Sugars: Glycolipids and glycoproteins (cell markers).

    Plasma Membrane Proteins

    • Integral proteins: Span the entire width of the membrane's inner and outer surfaces.
      • Examples: Ion channels, proton pumps.
    • Channel proteins: Allow ions to pass through.
    • Carrier proteins: Transport specific substances across the membrane.
    • Receptor proteins: Recognize and bind to specific molecules (ligands).
    • Cell identity markers: Allow cells to be identified by the immune system.
    • Na+/K+ ATPase pump: Maintains electrochemical gradient.
    • Gap junctions: Connections between cells.
      • Also include cell adhesion molecules, and enzymes catalyzing reactions.
    • Peripheral proteins: Found on the inner or outer membrane surface.
      • Examples: Cadherins, Cytoskeletal proteins, and Cytocrome C
    • Spectrin: Important in maintaining red blood cell shape.

    Other structural components of the cell membrane

    • Sugars: Provide protection, display signals, and attach cells.
    • Cholesterol: Decreases membrane fluidity, offering structural support and insulation.
    • Phospholipid bilayer: Forms a double layer with hydrophilic heads facing the exterior and hydrophobic tails facing the interior.

    Passive Transport

    • Mechanisms of movement of materials across the cell membrane without using ATP, from higher to lower concentration.
      • Simple diffusion: Movement of molecules without assistance.
      • Facilitated diffusion: Uses a transport protein for assistance.
      • Osmosis: Water movement across a semipermeable membrane from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration.

    Active Transport

    • Movement of molecules across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient.
    • Requires energy input (e.g., ATP).
    • Bulk Transport: Large molecule movement using vesicles. Includes endocytosis (bringing material into the cell) and exocytosis (releasing material from the cell).

    Membrane Potential

    • Cells maintain a difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane.
    • Ions and protein pumps maintain this voltage known as resting membrane potential (RMP). A negative voltage means the inside of the cell is more negatively charged then the outside.

    Organelles (C152)

    • Specialized structures that perform specific cell functions.
      • Nucleus: Genetic control center directs protein synthesis.
      • Rough ER: Involved in protein synthesis.
      • Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis.
      • Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis.
      • Golgi complex: Involved in protein modification and packaging.
      • Lysosomes: Contain enzymes to break down waste materials.
      • Peroxisomes: Oxidize fatty acids and protect cells.
      • Proteasomes: Degrade unnecessary proteins.
      • Mitochondria: Generate energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
      • Centrioles Involved in cell division.
      • Centrosome Organizes the mitotic spindle during division.
      • Basal body Point of growth for cilium or flagellum

    Cell Functions (C153)

    • Central Dogma:
      • DNA replication to RNA as a blueprint to create proteins
      • Transcription: DNA → mRNA
      • Translation: mRNA → Protein
    • Protein synthesis:
      • Organelles responsible for making proteins
      • Genetic code using four nucleotides bases in DNA, form sequences in body
    • Cellular respiration:
      • Process that utilizes oxygen and nutrients to produce energy (ATP)

    Chemiosmosis

    • Using the electrochemical H+ gradient to create ATP.

    Cellular respiration Steps

    • Glycolysis
    • Krebs cycle
    • Electron transport

    Cell Cycle

    • Series of events that lead to cell division. -Includes Interphase and the M-phase.
      • Interphase: Divided into three phases: G1, S, and G2. Preparing cell for division. -M-phase: Mitosis and Cytokinesis, resulting in two identical daughter cells.

    Mitosis and cytokinesis

    • Process of cell division for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
    • Steps: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase & Cytokinesis

    Tissue growth, modification and repair (C130)

    • Atrophy: Wasting or degeneration of cells/tissue
      • Example; Muscle atrophy with limited movement
    • Necrosis: Death of cells due to disease, injury or insufficient oxygen supply.
    • Apoptosis: Programmed cell death, part of normal development and growth.
    • Regeneration: Restoration of tissues, where damaged tissue is replaced.
    • Fibrosis: Tissue scarring after wound healing, often leading to loss of function.
    • Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size, leading to tissue enlargement.

    Hyperplasia-

    • Increase in cell number, increase in tissue size

    Metaplasia-

    • Permanent or temporary permanent change in the nature of a tissue.

    Dysplasia

    • Presence of abnormal cells, often as a sign of early-stage cancer.

    Steps of Tissue Repair After Injury-

    • Inflammation- Early stage of repairing damaged tissue. -Proliferation- Renewal of tissue.
    • Maturation- Long-term repair.

    Membranes:

    • Cutaneous membranes: Composed of epithelial tissue attached to connective tissue.
    • Mucous membranes: Epithelial tissue lining cavities and organs that have openings to the outside.
    • Serous membranes: Consist of epithelial tissue that lines cavities and organs.
    • Synovial membranes: Line joints and secretes synovial fluid.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the functions and components of the cell membrane. This quiz covers integral and peripheral membrane proteins, the fluid mosaic model, and the roles of various membrane proteins. Challenge yourself with questions related to membrane dynamics and cellular communication.

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