Podcast
Questions and Answers
What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?
What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?
- The number of neutrons in the nucleus
- The number of positrons in the nucleus
- The number of electrons in the outer orbits (correct)
- The atomic weight of the atom
What makes an atom stable?
What makes an atom stable?
- Excess neutrons or protons
- Balanced force among the particles in the nucleus (correct)
- Lack of electrons in the inner orbit
- Excess internal energy
Which particle determines the atomic number of an atom?
Which particle determines the atomic number of an atom?
- Positrons in the nucleus
- Protons in the nucleus (correct)
- Neutrons in the nucleus
- Electrons in the outer orbits
What causes an atom to become unstable and radioactive?
What causes an atom to become unstable and radioactive?
What is the effect of bombarding an atom with a neutron?
What is the effect of bombarding an atom with a neutron?
Which particles can be electrically charged electrolytes?
Which particles can be electrically charged electrolytes?
What predominantly constitutes plasma in terms of ions?
What predominantly constitutes plasma in terms of ions?
What affects the concentration of electrolytes in plasma and interstitial fluid?
What affects the concentration of electrolytes in plasma and interstitial fluid?
How do cells prevent Na+ and Cl- diffusion?
How do cells prevent Na+ and Cl- diffusion?
What determines the pH of a solution?
What determines the pH of a solution?
What do acids yield?
What do acids yield?
What do bases take up?
What do bases take up?
What do strong acids readily give up?
What do strong acids readily give up?
What do weak bases less readily accept?
What do weak bases less readily accept?
What do substances that regulate pH by neutralizing excess H+ ions act as?
What do substances that regulate pH by neutralizing excess H+ ions act as?
What is the primary function of water in the body?
What is the primary function of water in the body?
What is the main extra-cellular cation?
What is the main extra-cellular cation?
Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary under the influence of nervous impulses originating in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary under the influence of nervous impulses originating in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus?
What is the formula for calculating osmolarity of plasma or ECF?
What is the formula for calculating osmolarity of plasma or ECF?
What is the main intracellular cation?
What is the main intracellular cation?
What is the normal daily intake of sodium?
What is the normal daily intake of sodium?
Which hormone absorbs water through the reabsorption of sodium?
Which hormone absorbs water through the reabsorption of sodium?
What causes hyponatremia (sodium and water deficiency)?
What causes hyponatremia (sodium and water deficiency)?
What regulates water loss in the body?
What regulates water loss in the body?
What is necessary for the regulation of body temperature?
What is necessary for the regulation of body temperature?
What is the clinical picture of water excess?
What is the clinical picture of water excess?
What does water deficit result in?
What does water deficit result in?
What is the primary physiological regulatory mechanism for adjusting to changes in acid or base levels?
What is the primary physiological regulatory mechanism for adjusting to changes in acid or base levels?
What is the most important buffer system for maintaining constant pH levels?
What is the most important buffer system for maintaining constant pH levels?
Which condition is characterized by a base deficit or acid excess other than carbonic acid?
Which condition is characterized by a base deficit or acid excess other than carbonic acid?
What is the primary compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis?
What is the primary compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis?
What causes metabolic alkalosis?
What causes metabolic alkalosis?
How is metabolic alkalosis managed?
How is metabolic alkalosis managed?
What is associated with a rise in pH and results from hypoxia and inadequate renal compensation?
What is associated with a rise in pH and results from hypoxia and inadequate renal compensation?
What causes respiratory acidosis?
What causes respiratory acidosis?
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of hypokalaemia?
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of hypokalaemia?
What is the treatment for hypernatraemia?
What is the treatment for hypernatraemia?
What is the essential function of potassium (K+)?
What is the essential function of potassium (K+)?
What are the clinical manifestations of hypercalcaemia?
What are the clinical manifestations of hypercalcaemia?
What causes hyperkalemia?
What causes hyperkalemia?
What is the treatment for hypokalemia?
What is the treatment for hypokalemia?
What are the clinical manifestations of hypernatraemia?
What are the clinical manifestations of hypernatraemia?
What causes decreased extracellular fluid volume (ECF) in infants?
What causes decreased extracellular fluid volume (ECF) in infants?
What are the hazards of hypokalemia?
What are the hazards of hypokalemia?
What is the clinical picture of hypokalemia?
What is the clinical picture of hypokalemia?
Study Notes
- Decreased Extracellular Fluid Volume (ECF) in infants: sunken eyes, depressed fontanels, dry coated tongue, dry wrinkled skin with lax subcutaneous tissues, collapsed skin veins, hypovolaemia causing tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, shock, decreased Central Venous Pressure (CVP), and oliguria with no thirst.
- Clinical picture of increased ECF volume: slight puffiness of the face, total body edema, weight gain, hypertension, ascites.
- Treatment for decreased ECF volume: pre-operative replacement with normal saline or Ringer's lactate, treatment of the cause, and replacement of observed loss with saline.
- Hypernatraemia (high sodium level) causes: excessive saline transfusion in the early postoperative period, increased sodium reabsorption due to aldosterone, cortisone, or estrogen, inability to excrete sodium load due to severe illness or starvation, and abnormal renal retention of sodium due to renal, heart, or liver failure.
- Clinical picture of hypernatraemia: normal or decreased water intake, hyperosmolarity, dehydration, increased urine output, irritability, confusion, and seizures.
- Treatment for hypernatraemia: diuretics, fluid replacement, and correction of underlying cause.
- Essential functions of potassium (K+): intracellular cation, excitability of nerve and muscle, and action of the heart.
- Factors affecting K+ distribution: acid-base balance, insulin, cellular breakdown, and osmolality.
- Hypokalaemia (low potassium level) causes: decreased intake, vomiting, gastrointestinal fistulas, severe diarrhea, diuretics, alkalosis, and hormones.
- Hazards of hypokalemia: decreased nerve and muscle excitability, increased risk of supra-ventricular arrhythmias, increased risk of hepatic coma, and polyuria.
- Clinical picture of hypokalemia: vague symptoms, paralytic ileus, cardiac arrhythmias, muscular paresis, and ECG changes.
- Management of hypokalemia: estimation of K+ deficit, safe repletion, and monitoring of electrolyte levels.
- Potassium solutions used: 40 mEq/L K+ in glucose 5% or saline, and Darrow's solution.
- Causes of hyperkalemia: renal failure, acidosis, and diabetics with reduced insulin secretion.
- Clinical picture of hyperkalemia: increased cell excitability (muscles and nerves), cardiac arrhythmias, bradycardia, hypotension, and arrest.
- Treatment for hyperkalemia: calcium gluconate, alkalosis, glucose and insulin infusion, ion exchange resins, and dialysis.
- Factors affecting blood calcium level: parathormone, calcitonin, vitamin D, and phytic acid.
- Hypercalcaemia: usually due to a parathyroid tumor, and treatment involves removal of the tumor.
- Hypocalcaemia: seen in hypoparathyroidism as a complication of thyroidectomy, and after massive blood transfusion containing CPDA, and treatment involves calcium and vitamin D supplements.
- Magnesium (Mg++): intracellular cation, essential for muscle and nerve function, and electrolyte balance.
- Magnesium deficiency: occurs in prolonged GI losses, cirrhosis, and prolonged IV therapy, and symptoms include muscle weakness, tremors, and cardiac arrhythmias.
- Treatment for magnesium deficiency: magnesium supplements and addressing the underlying cause.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the cell membrane and capillary pressure with this quiz. Learn about the roles of plasma proteins, colloid pressure, and hydrostatic pressure in fluid movement, as well as the permeability of the cell membrane to different substances.
