Untitled Quiz

The ability of cells to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

A state of cellular stress where the cell can still recover and return to normal function.

A permanent state of cellular damage leading to cell death.

A process where cells adapt to persistent stress by altering their structure or function.

A process where cells respond to stress by undergoing changes that eventually lead to cell death.

A type of cell death characterized by programmed, orderly destruction of the cell.

A type of cell death characterized by uncontrolled, disruptive breakdown of the cell.

The study of the causes, mechanisms, and consequences of disease.

A process where cells are damaged by a lack of oxygen, leading to various downstream effects.

Direct damage caused by bacteria, viruses, or immune system proteins that directly attack cells.

Indirect damage caused by changes in calcium levels, ATP depletion, and reactive oxygen species, ultimately harming the cell.

The breakdown of the cell membrane, leading to the release of destructive enzymes from lysosomes.

Changes in cell function and structure during early or mild injury that can be reversed if the damaging stimulus is removed.

The six main mechanisms leading to cell injury.

These mechanisms are often interconnected and complex, making it difficult to identify a single dominant cause of injury.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy currency of cells. It fuels essential cell functions, including membrane transport, maintenance of ion gradients, and protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis.

Efficient ATP production requires oxygen. When oxygen is limited, cells switch to less efficient anaerobic respiration, which produces lactic acid.

ATP depletion occurs when the production of ATP cannot keep up with the demand. This happens in situations like hypoxia (low oxygen) or exposure to toxins, such as cyanide.

Even a small reduction in ATP levels (around 5-10%) can cause significant damage to cells. This disruption disrupts critical processes like ion gradients and enzyme function.

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for producing ATP. Damage to mitochondria can directly impact energy production, leading to ATP depletion.

Mitochondrial damage can be caused by various factors, including hypoxia, toxins, radiation, and increased calcium levels. Early damage is often reversible, but sustained damage can lead to irreversible consequences.

The membrane permeability transition pore (MPTP) is a channel that forms in the mitochondrial membrane during sustained damage. This pore disrupts oxidative phosphorylation, leading to further ATP depletion.

Sustained mitochondrial damage can lead to the release of proteins into the cytoplasm, triggering a process called apoptosis, or programmed cell death.

An increase in the size of cells within an organ, resulting in an overall increase in that organ's size. No new cells are created, but existing cells become larger.

An increase in the number of cells within an organ, which often results in increased organ size. This usually happens in response to hormones or growth factors in tissues that contain dividing cells.

A type of cell adaptation where cells change their structure or function in response to prolonged stress. This is a way for cells to maintain homeostasis.

An example of pathological hypertrophy. This is an increase in the size of heart muscle cells caused by increased workload on the heart. It often happens due to factors like high blood pressure or heart valve problems.

A condition where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues. A common complication of organ transplant where the donor's immune system attacks the recipient's tissue.

A type of reversible cell injury characterized by an increase in cell volume due to water accumulation.

A type of reversible cell injury where fat accumulates within the cell, often seen in the liver.

A microscopic feature of cell injury characterized by the bulging or outward projections of the cell membrane.

A microscopic indication of cell damage where the mitochondria become swollen and lose their normal shape.

A microscopic feature of cell injury where the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) expands and distends.

A microscopic feature of cell injury where the chromatin, the genetic material within the nucleus, clump together in a dense mass.

The process of cell death characterized by cell shrinkage, condensation of the nucleus, and maintenance of plasma membrane integrity.

The process of cell death characterized by cell swelling, membrane disruption, and leakage of cell contents.

A decrease in the size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in the size and number of cells.

A change in which one mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type.

A condition where the prostate gland becomes enlarged, but it is not cancerous.

A condition where the lining of the uterus becomes abnormally thick. It can be precancerous, but it is not cancer.