Cellular Injury Mechanisms and Types

Occurs when cells are unable to repair themselves due to excessive damage, leading to disease processes.

Involves cell death due to external factors like injury or toxins, causing cells to break down.

A controlled form of cell death initiated by the cell itself, often involving a sequence of steps to eliminate damaged or unwanted cells.

The process of cells adapting to stressors, ensuring survival and maintaining function, until exhaustion or inappropriate adaptations occur.

Chemical agents like toxins can injure cellular structures, disrupt enzymatic pathways, and cause problems with blood coagulation and osmotic environments.

Damage to a cell or the uptake of harmful substances into the cell.

A condition where there is insufficient oxygen reaching the cells, leading to decreased ATP production and impaired cell function.

The accumulation of fat deposits within cells, often due to improper metabolism, which can lead to plaque formation and blockages in blood vessels.

A pathologic process where calcium deposits accumulate within cells, leading to tissue hardening and impaired function.

Changes in cell membrane permeability, often due to injury or disease, leading to electrolyte imbalances, swelling, and impaired function.

The process by which cells adapt to stress or injury by decreasing in size.

The process by which cells adapt to stress or injury by increasing in size, resulting in larger tissue size.

The process by which cells adapt to stress or injury by increasing in number, often due to hormone stimulation.

The process by which one type of adult cell is replaced by another type, often in response to chronic irritation or inflammation.

Atypical changes in cells, often due to abnormal growth patterns, which may progress to cancer if not controlled.

A state of general wasting of the body, characterized by loss of muscle and fat.

A group of microorganisms that can cause infection, including viruses, bacteria, and fungal spores.

Problems with metabolism that are present at birth, often caused by genetic defects.

Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage cell membranes, proteins, and DNA, leading to various diseases.

The process by which cells adapt to stress or injury by changing their function or structure, often due to long-term exposure to harmful stimuli.

A type of cell death where cells are destroyed in a controlled manner. It is normal and necessary for the removal of old, damaged, or excess cells.

The process of cells changing their structure or function in response to stress or injury in order to survive.

Cells that have undergone abnormal changes but are still potentially reversible. These changes can sometimes lead to cancer if not controlled.

Occurs when cells have reached their limit of adaptation and are unable to recover from the damage.

A type of cell death that occurs due to external factors like injury, toxins, or lack of blood supply. It results in cell breakdown and inflammation.

External or internal changes that harm a cell, leading to potential long-term damage or death.

When a cell is hurt or stressed, it can either recover or adapt, or if the damage is too big, it dies.

The point where damage is too severe for a cell to fix itself, leading to two types of death: Necrosis (uncontrolled) and Apoptosis (programmed).

Physical agents that can harm cells include trauma, extreme temperatures, radiation, and electricity - think of a car accident or a bad sunburn.

Unstable reactive chemicals that can damage cell membranes, proteins, and DNA. Exposure to ozone, pollution, cigarette smoke, radiation, and chemicals can all lead to free radical formation.

Damage to cells due to various factors such as chemicals, toxins, physical agents, or biological agents. This can lead to a wide range of diseases.

A state of general wasting of the body, characterized by loss of muscle and fat.

A condition where there is insufficient oxygen reaching the cells, leading to decreased ATP production and impaired cell function.

The accumulation of fat deposits within cells, often due to improper metabolism, which can lead to plaque formation and blockages in blood vessels.

A pathologic process where calcium deposits accumulate within cells, leading to tissue hardening and impaired function.

Changes in cell membrane permeability, often due to injury or disease, leading to electrolyte imbalances, swelling, and impaired function.

A group of microorganisms that can cause infection, including viruses, bacteria, and fungal spores.

Problems with metabolism that are present at birth, often caused by genetic defects.

A condition where the cell is unable to process materials properly, leading to the accumulation of waste materials and toxins in the cytoplasm.

An important pump in the cell membrane that maintains the balance of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane.

Insufficient oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia) leads to decreased oxygen to cells (hypoxia).

A decrease in oxygen availability to cells, leading to a buildup of lactic acid and a lower pH, ultimately causing cell injury.

The process by which cells adapt to stress or injury by decreasing in size.

The process by which cells adapt to stress or injury by increasing in size.

The process by which cells adapt to stress or injury by increasing in number.

The process by which one type of adult cell is replaced by another type, often in response to chronic irritation or inflammation.