Cell Injury and Mitochondrial Damage Quiz

Which of the following is an antioxidant enzyme?

What is the most significant indicator of irreversible cell damage?

Which of the following processes is primarily associated with ischemia reperfusion injury?

What change occurs first in reversible cell damage?

Which of the following substances is NOT an antioxidant substance?

Which of the following is a primary cause of mitochondrial damage?

What effect does oxidative phosphorylation impairment have on a cell?

What is a primary consequence of oxidative stress at the cellular level?

Which of these is NOT considered a basic product of free oxygen radicals (SOR)?

Which of the following mechanisms is involved in SOR-induced cell damage?

What type of cellular damage is associated with radiation exposure?

Which compound is known as an antioxidant in the context of oxidative stress?

What is one of the end results of lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress?

Cell Injury

Cell injury is categorized as reversible or irreversible.
Reversible cell injury: Initial stages of cell damage, characterized by Cellular swelling, Microvillus disruption, Membrane blebbing, Loosening of intercellular connections, Separation of ribosomes, Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum (intracellular myelin figures), Nuclear changes, and Decreased protein synthesis.
Irreversible cell injury: Cell membrane damage, Rupture of lysosome membranes, activation of enzymes, Severe mitochondrial damage, coarse densities, Myelin figures (phospholipid remnants), Karyopicnosis, Karyoreksiz, and Karyolysis.

Mitochondrial Damage

Main causes of mitochondrial damage: Increased calcium, increased free oxygen radicals, ischemia, and toxins.

Free Oxygen Radicals (SOR) Induced Cell Damage (Oxidative Stress)

SOR formation: Radiation, toxin, reperfusion.
SOR products: Hydroxyl ion (OH-), superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and peroxynitrite (ONOO-).
Effects of SOR: Lipid peroxidation, protein modification, DNA damage, cell membrane damage, cytoskeletal damage, mutation, and cell death.
Mechanisms of SOR-induced cell damage formation (Oxidative stress): Membrane lipid peroxidation, oxidative modification of proteins and enzymes, and DNA damage.

Antioxidant Enzymes

Antioxidant enzymes: Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase.

Antioxidant Substances

Antioxidant substances: Vitamins A, C, E, glutathione, iron and copper-carrying storage molecules (transferrin, ferritin, lactoferrin, and ceruloplasmin).

Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Most common mechanisms: Oxidative stress (SOR), increased intracellular calcium levels, inflammation, and complement system activation (IgM).

Test your knowledge on cell injury and mitochondrial damage, specifically focusing on reversible and irreversible injuries. Learn about the effects of free oxygen radicals and their role in oxidative stress. This quiz will help solidify your understanding of cellular responses to damage.