Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an antioxidant enzyme?
Which of the following is an antioxidant enzyme?
- Vitamins A
- Transferrin
- Ferritin
- Glutathione Peroxidase (correct)
What is the most significant indicator of irreversible cell damage?
What is the most significant indicator of irreversible cell damage?
- Loosening of intercellular connections
- Cellular swelling
- Cell membrane damage (correct)
- Mild mitochondrial damage
Which of the following processes is primarily associated with ischemia reperfusion injury?
Which of the following processes is primarily associated with ischemia reperfusion injury?
- Decreased inflammation
- Decreased calcium levels
- Oxidative stress (correct)
- Increased cellular apoptosis
What change occurs first in reversible cell damage?
What change occurs first in reversible cell damage?
Which of the following substances is NOT an antioxidant substance?
Which of the following substances is NOT an antioxidant substance?
Which of the following is a primary cause of mitochondrial damage?
Which of the following is a primary cause of mitochondrial damage?
What effect does oxidative phosphorylation impairment have on a cell?
What effect does oxidative phosphorylation impairment have on a cell?
What is a primary consequence of oxidative stress at the cellular level?
What is a primary consequence of oxidative stress at the cellular level?
Which of these is NOT considered a basic product of free oxygen radicals (SOR)?
Which of these is NOT considered a basic product of free oxygen radicals (SOR)?
Which of the following mechanisms is involved in SOR-induced cell damage?
Which of the following mechanisms is involved in SOR-induced cell damage?
What type of cellular damage is associated with radiation exposure?
What type of cellular damage is associated with radiation exposure?
Which compound is known as an antioxidant in the context of oxidative stress?
Which compound is known as an antioxidant in the context of oxidative stress?
What is one of the end results of lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress?
What is one of the end results of lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress?
Flashcards
Mitochondrial Damage
Mitochondrial Damage
Damage to mitochondria, the cell's powerhouses, can lead to cell dysfunction and death. It is caused by increased calcium, free oxygen radicals, ischemia, and toxins.
Permeability-Enhancing Pores
Permeability-Enhancing Pores
These pores form in the mitochondrial membrane due to damage, allowing the leakage of important molecules and disruption of normal function.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
This process is the main way cells generate energy (ATP). It is impaired when mitochondria are damaged, leading to energy depletion.
Caspase Activation
Caspase Activation
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Free Oxygen Radicals (SOR)
Free Oxygen Radicals (SOR)
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Oxidative Stress
Oxidative Stress
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Lipid Peroxidation
Lipid Peroxidation
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DNA Damage
DNA Damage
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Antioxidant Enzymes
Antioxidant Enzymes
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Catalase
Catalase
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Superoxide Dismutase
Superoxide Dismutase
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Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
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Oxidative Stress (SOR)
Oxidative Stress (SOR)
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Study Notes
Cell Injury
- Cell injury is categorized as reversible or irreversible.
- Reversible cell injury: Initial stages of cell damage, characterized by Cellular swelling, Microvillus disruption, Membrane blebbing, Loosening of intercellular connections, Separation of ribosomes, Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum (intracellular myelin figures), Nuclear changes, and Decreased protein synthesis.
- Irreversible cell injury: Cell membrane damage, Rupture of lysosome membranes, activation of enzymes, Severe mitochondrial damage, coarse densities, Myelin figures (phospholipid remnants), Karyopicnosis, Karyoreksiz, and Karyolysis.
Mitochondrial Damage
- Main causes of mitochondrial damage: Increased calcium, increased free oxygen radicals, ischemia, and toxins.
Free Oxygen Radicals (SOR) Induced Cell Damage (Oxidative Stress)
- SOR formation: Radiation, toxin, reperfusion.
- SOR products: Hydroxyl ion (OH-), superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and peroxynitrite (ONOO-).
- Effects of SOR: Lipid peroxidation, protein modification, DNA damage, cell membrane damage, cytoskeletal damage, mutation, and cell death.
- Mechanisms of SOR-induced cell damage formation (Oxidative stress): Membrane lipid peroxidation, oxidative modification of proteins and enzymes, and DNA damage.
Antioxidant Enzymes
- Antioxidant enzymes: Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase.
Antioxidant Substances
- Antioxidant substances: Vitamins A, C, E, glutathione, iron and copper-carrying storage molecules (transferrin, ferritin, lactoferrin, and ceruloplasmin).
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
- Most common mechanisms: Oxidative stress (SOR), increased intracellular calcium levels, inflammation, and complement system activation (IgM).
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell injury and mitochondrial damage, specifically focusing on reversible and irreversible injuries. Learn about the effects of free oxygen radicals and their role in oxidative stress. This quiz will help solidify your understanding of cellular responses to damage.
