Cellular Injury

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cells actively control the composition of their immediate environment and intracellular milieu within a narrow range of physiological parameters

homeostatis

denotes pathologic changes that can be reversed when the stimulus is removed, or if the cause of injury is mild

reversible cell injury

it is under physiological stresses or pathological stimuli

injury

denotes pathologic changes that are permanent and cause cell death

irreversible cell injury Signup and view all the answers

three hypoxic cell injury

ischemia (loss of blood supply) inadequate oxygenation (cardiorespiratory failure) loss of oxygen carrying capacity of blood (anemia) Signup and view all the answers

high susceptibility of cells to hypoxic injury

neurons 3-4 mins Signup and view all the answers

intermediate susceptibility of cells to hypoxic injury

myocardium, hepatocytes, renal epithelium 30 mins -2 hrs Signup and view all the answers

low susceptibility of cells to hypoxic injury

fibroblasts, epidermis, skeletal muscle many hours Signup and view all the answers

three free radical induced injury

lipid peroxidation of membrane dna fragmentation protein cross-linking Signup and view all the answers

double bonds in polyunsaturated membrane lipids are vulnerable to attack by oxygen free radicals

lipid peroxidation of membranes Signup and view all the answers

free radicals promote sulfhydryl-mediated protein cross linking, resulting in increased degradation and loss of activity

protein cross-linking Signup and view all the answers

free radicals react with thymine in nuclear and mitochondrial

dna fragmentation Signup and view all the answers

neutralizations of free radicals

spontaneous decay superoxide dismutase glutathione catalase endogenous and exogenous antioxidants Signup and view all the answers

trauma, heat, cold, radiation, electric shock that causes cellular injury

physical agents Signup and view all the answers

a oxygen deprivation that causes cellular injury

hypoxic cell injury Signup and view all the answers

a chemical species with a single unpaired electron in an outer orbital that causes cellular injury; ROS – Hydroxyl, Hydrogen, Superoxide

free radical injury Signup and view all the answers

9 causes of cellular injury

hypoxic cell injury free radical injury physical agents chemical agents infectious agents immune system genetic abnormalities nutritional imbalances aging Signup and view all the answers

a vitamin deficiencies, obesity leading to type II DM, fat leading to atherosclerosis that causes cellular injuey

nutritional imbalances Signup and view all the answers

a anaphylaxis, loss of immune tolerance leading to autoimmunity that causes cellular injury

immune system Signup and view all the answers

a degeneration as a result of trauma, intrinsic cellular senesence that causes cellular injury

aging Signup and view all the answers

a sickle cell disease, inborn errors of metabolism that causes cellular injury

genetic abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

a direct effects of bacterial toxins that causes cellular injury

infectious agents Signup and view all the answers

diff. infectious agents

viruses, bacteria, fungi, rickettsiae, bacteria, parasites Signup and view all the answers

diff. chemical agents

therapeutic drugs, non-therapeutic drugs, binding of mercuric chloride to sulfhydryl group of proteins, generation of toxic metabolites Signup and view all the answers