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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best defines cell injury?
What is the relationship between ischemia and reperfusion injury?
What is the definition of reversible cell injury?
What is the point of no return in the process of irreversible injury?
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Which of the following is a leading cause of cell injury, leading to ATP depletion and eventual necrosis?
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What plays a role in cell injury by leading to lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage?
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What triggers activation of lytic enzymes, proteases, and mitochondrial permeability transition pores, leading to cell damage?
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What can exacerbate cell injury through additional calcium influx, oxygen generation, and leukocyte activation?
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What is a leading cause of reduced blood supply resulting in ischemia?
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What leads to various adverse effects including mitochondrial and cellular swelling, ribosome detachment, and reduction in protein synthesis?
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What are free radicals physiologically involved in, in addition to causing cell injury?
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What does ROS-induced injury involve, leading to membrane damage, organelle dysfunction, and cell death?
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What triggers activation of lytic enzymes, proteases, and mitochondrial permeability transition pores, leading to cell damage?
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What leads to additional calcium influx, ROS generation, and leukocyte activation, exacerbating cell injury?
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What involves increased membrane permeability in reversible cell injury?
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What manifests as mitochondrial matrix swelling, accumulation of small amorphous densities, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and detachment of ribosomes in reversible injury?
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Study Notes
Causes and Mechanisms of Cell Injury and Necrosis
- Hypoxia and ischemia are leading causes of cell injury, leading to ATP depletion and eventual necrosis.
- Free radicals, generated by oxidative stress, play a role in cell injury, leading to lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage.
- Calcium influx, triggered by ischemia, toxins, and reperfusion, activates lytic enzymes and mitochondrial permeability transition pores, leading to cell damage.
- Reperfusion injury, while beneficial in restoring blood supply, can exacerbate cell injury through additional calcium influx, oxygen generation, and leukocyte activation.
- Ischemia results from reduced blood supply and can be caused by atherosclerosis, vessel torsion, compression, or low cardiac output.
- ATP depletion in ischemic conditions leads to various adverse effects, including mitochondrial and cellular swelling, ribosome detachment, and reduction in protein synthesis.
- Free radicals, physiologically involved in aerobic respiration and inflammation, are generated through redox reactions in mitochondria, inflammatory responses, radiation, and enzymatic metabolism of drugs and chemicals.
- ROS-induced injury involves lipid peroxidation, protein cross-linking, and DNA damage, leading to membrane damage, organelle dysfunction, and cell death.
- Calcium influx, caused by ischemia, toxins, and reperfusion, triggers activation of lytic enzymes, proteases, and mitochondrial permeability transition pores.
- Reperfusion injury, while restoring ATP production, also leads to additional calcium influx, ROS generation, and leukocyte activation, exacerbating cell injury.
- Reversible cell injury involves increased membrane permeability, while irreversible injury leads to membrane rupture, autolysis, and cell death.
- Reversible injury manifests as mitochondrial matrix swelling, accumulation of small amorphous densities, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and detachment of ribosomes, while irreversible injury leads to organelle and cytomembrane rupture.
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Description
Test your understanding of the causes and mechanisms of cell injury and necrosis with this quiz. Explore topics such as hypoxia, ischemia, ATP depletion, free radicals, calcium influx, reperfusion injury, reversible and irreversible cell injury, and their implications for cell health.
