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Questions and Answers
Explain the difference between apoptosis and necrosis.
Explain the difference between apoptosis and necrosis.
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death that can be physiological or pathological, while necrosis is always pathological and occurs when cells can't survive in adverse conditions.
What are the main pathways of apoptosis?
What are the main pathways of apoptosis?
The main pathways of apoptosis include the intrinsic pathway (mitochondrial pathway) and the extrinsic pathway (death receptor pathway).
Describe the causes and mechanisms of cell injury.
Describe the causes and mechanisms of cell injury.
Cell injury can be caused by various factors such as lack of oxygen (anoxia or hypoxia), trauma, radiation, poisons, and infections. Mechanisms include ATP depletion, cell membrane permeability changes, protein synthesis disruption, and DNA damage.
What are the 4 main targets of cell injury?
What are the 4 main targets of cell injury?
What activates DNases in apoptosis and what is their role?
What activates DNases in apoptosis and what is their role?
Explain the term 'ischemia' in the context of cell injury.
Explain the term 'ischemia' in the context of cell injury.
What happens when intracellular Ca+ levels increase in a cell?
What happens when intracellular Ca+ levels increase in a cell?
What are the common causes of DNA damage in cells?
What are the common causes of DNA damage in cells?
What are the two main pathways of apoptosis?
What are the two main pathways of apoptosis?
How does mitochondrial damage contribute to cell death?
How does mitochondrial damage contribute to cell death?
What are the three ways in which DNA damage can affect cells?
What are the three ways in which DNA damage can affect cells?
What is the result of extensive DNA damage in a cell?
What is the result of extensive DNA damage in a cell?
What are the executioner caspases involved in apoptosis?
What are the executioner caspases involved in apoptosis?
What happens during the recognition/phagocytosis phase of apoptosis?
What happens during the recognition/phagocytosis phase of apoptosis?
What is the main difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
What is the main difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
What is the main trigger for necrosis and its result?
What is the main trigger for necrosis and its result?
Flashcards
Apoptosis
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death (physiological or pathological)
Necrosis
Necrosis
Cell death due to external injury; always pathological.
Apoptosis Pathways
Apoptosis Pathways
Intrinsic (mitochondrial) and extrinsic (death receptor).
Causes of Cell Injury
Causes of Cell Injury
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Targets of Cell Injury
Targets of Cell Injury
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Activators of DNases in Apoptosis
Activators of DNases in Apoptosis
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Ischemia
Ischemia
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Increased Intracellular Ca+ Levels
Increased Intracellular Ca+ Levels
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Causes of DNA Damage
Causes of DNA Damage
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Mitochondrial Damage
Mitochondrial Damage
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Result of Extensive DNA damage
Result of Extensive DNA damage
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Executioner Caspases
Executioner Caspases
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Phagocytosis in Apoptosis
Phagocytosis in Apoptosis
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Apoptosis vs. Necrosis
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis
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Main Trigger for Necrosis
Main Trigger for Necrosis
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Study Notes
Cell Injury and Death
- Cell injury can lead to two types of cell death: apoptosis and necrosis
- Apoptosis is a tactical suicide that can be physiological or pathological, whereas necrosis is always pathological
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis is a programmed cell death that can be initiated by various stimuli, including DNA damage, protein misfolding, and growth factor withdrawal
- There are two main pathways of apoptosis: extrinsic (caspase 8) and intrinsic (caspase 9)
- Apoptosis involves the activation of caspases, which break down DNA and lead to cell death
- Physiological apoptosis occurs during development, immune response, and tissue homeostasis
- Pathological apoptosis can occur in diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune diseases
Necrosis
- Necrosis is an accidental cell death that occurs due to external factors such as injury, toxins, and infection
- Necrosis leads to an inflammatory response and can cause tissue damage
- Necrosis can occur due to various factors, including ischemia, trauma, radiation, and poisons
- There are different types of necrotic death, including gangrene, black necrosis, and cottage cheese-like appearance
Causes of Cell Injury
- Ischemia: inadequate blood supply to a region
- Cardio-respiratory failure
- Anemia
- Parasites/bacteria
- Immunodeficiency/autoimmune disorders
- Anaphylaxis
- Down syndrome
- Obesity/anorexia/bulimia
- Increased ROS/mutation/telomere shortening
Mechanisms of Cell Injury
- Oxidative stress and ROS generation
- Mitochondrial damage and ATP depletion
- Cell membrane permeability and calcium influx
- DNA damage and protein misfolding
- ER stress and cellular swelling
- Lipid deposition and protein synthesis inhibition
- Nuclear chromatin clumping and DNA fragmentation
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