Cell Growth and Cancer Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of cell differentiation?

  • The process by which cells transport different molecules across their membranes.
  • The process by which cells become specialized for specific functions. (correct)
  • The process by which cells randomly change their structure.
  • The process by which cells divide rapidly to increase in numbers.

    • Why is genetic variation important for sexually reproducing organisms?

  • It ensures that all offspring are perfectly suited to their current environment.
  • It keeps the population genetically identical and stable.
  • It reduces the likelihood of offspring inheriting harmful mutations.
  • It enhances the ability of a population to adapt to environmental changes and resist diseases. (correct)

    • What is the key ethical concern associated with the use of embryonic stem cells?

  • They can only be derived from animal sources, raising ethical issues about animal welfare.
  • The destruction of an embryo is often involved in obtaining them. (correct)
  • Their use is strictly regulated by international laws.
  • They are difficult to differentiate into specific cell types.

    • What process reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid?

    <p>Meiosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>It increases genetic variation in the resulting gametes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following BEST describes gene linkage?

    <p>Genes that are close together on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of a zygote immediately after fertilization?

    <p>It is totipotent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is C. elegans used as a model organism for studying differentiation?

    <p>Its simple structure and well-mapped cell lineage make it an excellent model for understanding differentiation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) differ from embryonic stem cells?

    <p>iPS cells are created by converting adult human somatic cells into cells that resemble embryonic stem cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end result of meiosis in a diploid cell?

    <p>Four haploid cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of internal regulatory proteins?

    <p>To prevent the cell from progressing to the next stage of the cell cycle until conditions are met. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?

    <p>Malignant tumors can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other areas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of growth factors in the cell cycle?

    <p>To stimulate cell division and growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neighboring cells influence the cell cycle?

    <p>Through contact inhibition, which halts division when cells are in contact. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause defects in the genes that control the cell cycle?

    <p>Environmental factors and exposure to carcinogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic behavior of cancer cells compared to normal cells?

    <p>Cancer cells do not respond to regulatory signals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are cancer cells particularly vulnerable to radiation treatment?

    <p>They are rapidly dividing and have less time to repair DNA damage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the p53 gene in relation to cancer?

    <p>It regulates the cell cycle and triggers apoptosis if necessary. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Differentiation

    The process by which cells specialize for specific functions in the body.

    Zygote

    A fertilized egg that is totipotent and can develop into any cell type.

    Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)

    Cells created by converting somatic cells to resemble embryonic stem cells.

    Meiosis

    The process that reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid to produce gametes.

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    Diploid

    Cells that have two sets of chromosomes, represented by 2n.

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    Haploid

    Cells that have one set of chromosomes, represented by n.

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    Crossing over

    The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

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    Genetic variation

    Differences in DNA among individuals, critical for adaptation and survival.

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    Gene linkage

    The tendency of genes close together on a chromosome to be inherited together.

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    Gametes

    Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that are haploid.

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    Cell Cycle Controls

    Regulatory proteins and checkpoints that manage cell growth and division.

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    Internal Regulators

    Proteins that respond to events within the cell to control cycle progression.

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    p53 Gene

    An internal regulator that prevents cell division if DNA is damaged.

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    External Regulators

    Proteins that respond to signals outside the cell to influence division speed.

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    Cancer

    A disease of uncontrolled cell growth and division.

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    Benign vs Malignant Tumors

    Benign tumors are non-cancerous; malignant can spread and invade tissue.

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    p53's Role in Cancer

    The p53 gene regulates the cell cycle and triggers cell death if DNA is flawed.

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    Localized Cancer Treatments

    Methods like surgery and radiation aimed at cancer confined to a specific area.

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    Study Notes

    Cell Growth and Division Controls

    • Cell growth and division are regulated by proteins and checkpoints in the cell cycle.
    • Internal regulators respond to events inside the cell. Examples include p53, which prevents cell division with damaged DNA.
    • External regulators respond to events outside the cell. Growth factors stimulate cell division.
    • Neighboring cells can affect cell division via contact inhibition.
    • Cancer is uncontrolled cell division, characterized by uncontrolled growth, lack of response to regulatory signals, and invasion of tissues.
    • Tumors are masses of cancerous cells. Benign tumors are non-cancerous; malignant ones are cancerous and spread.
    • Defects in cell cycle genes can be caused by mutations, environmental factors, or carcinogens.

    Cancer and its Treatment

    • The p53 gene regulates the cell cycle and triggers apoptosis with DNA damage; mutations can cause cancer.
    • Localized cancer can be treated through surgery, radiation therapy, or targeted therapies.
    • Cancer cells are more susceptible to radiation due to their rapid division and reduced DNA repair capacity.

    Cell Differentiation

    • Differentiation is the specialization of cells for specific functions, crucial for complex organisms.
    • A zygote is a fertilized egg, totipotent (capable of developing into any cell type).
    • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are created by converting adult cells into stem cell-like cells. Ethical concerns surround the use of embryonic stem cells, often involving embryo destruction.
    • Differentiation in multicellular organisms occurs through gene expression changes in precursor cells, leading to specialized cells. Examples include neurons, muscle cells, and red blood cells.
    • C. elegans (a microscopic worm) is studied for differentiation due to its simple structure and well-documented cell lineage.

    Cell Cycle and Mitosis

    • Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes (2n). Haploid cells have one set (1n). Gametes (sperm and egg) are haploid.
    • Meiosis is the process reducing chromosomes from diploid to haploid (2n to 1n), forming four haploid cells from one diploid cell.
    • Meiosis involves two divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II), with crossing over during prophase I of meiosis I.
    • Crossing over during meiosis increases genetic variation.
    • Genetic variation is crucial for adaptation and disease resistance in sexually reproducing organisms.

    Gene Linkage

    • Gene linkage describes genes located close together on the same chromosome and inheriting together, impacting inheritance patterns.
    • Meiosis contributes to genetic diversity via processes such as crossing-over and independent assortment.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the controls of cell growth, division, and cancer. This quiz covers internal and external regulators, the role of the p53 gene, and the impact of tumors. Explore the mechanisms of cancer treatment and the factors leading to uncontrolled cell division.

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