Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis Quiz
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What is the main function of mitosis in cellular replication?

  • To initiate the differentiation of stem cells
  • To produce gametes with half the chromosome number
  • To generate genetically unique daughter cells
  • To replace lost or damaged cells with identical cells (correct)

    • Which type of cells undergoes meiosis?

  • Germ cells (correct)
  • Somatic cells
  • Muscle cells
  • Neoplastic cells

    • What consequence results from neoplastic cells ignoring genetic controls?

  • Over-proliferation and lack of differentiation (correct)
  • Normal differentiation of cells
  • Controlled cellular proliferation
  • Under-proliferation of cells

    • What is the primary role of differentiation in cellular biology?

    <p>To ensure cells develop specific functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes stem cells?

    <p>They are undifferentiated units with potential to differentiate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'autonomy' in the context of neoplasms?

    <p>The unregulated proliferation of the neoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of neoplasms contributes to their aggressiveness?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does anaplasia relate to tumor growth?

    <p>It correlates with the aggressiveness of tumor growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of 'substance secretion' by neoplasms?

    <p>It alters metabolism and degrades neighboring cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of increased motility in neoplastic cells?

    <p>Ability to migrate to distant sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with hemoptysis?

    <p>Dizziness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic test is used to analyze a sample of tumor cells?

    <p>Biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment modality is characterized by the use of drugs to destroy rapidly growing cells?

    <p>Chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which precaution is essential to monitor post-surgery?

    <p>Incision condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of radiation treatment?

    <p>Skin irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug suppresses estrogen production in hormone-sensitive tumors?

    <p>Tamoxifen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biologic Response Modifiers (BMRs) are designed to modify which aspect of the body?

    <p>Immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical supportive measure during chemotherapy?

    <p>Encouraging total bed rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelihood of a woman with the BRCA 1 gene developing breast cancer by the age of 65?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process ensures that cells die at a specific time to maintain homeostasis?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of tumor suppressor genes?

    <p>Regulate cell death and division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance can act as a carcinogen by directly modifying a cell's DNA?

    <p>Asbestos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do high levels of radiation play in cancer development?

    <p>They damage genetic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a carcinogenic microbe?

    <p>Human papillomavirus (HPV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of the carcinogenesis theory that involves exposure to a stimuli causing a mutation?

    <p>Initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a preventative care measure to reduce cancer risk?

    <p>Using sunscreen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does tamoxifen reduce tumor growth in estrogen-sensitive tissues?

    <p>By lowering estrogen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a general manifestation of cancer?

    <p>Lymphadenopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cachexia refer to in the context of cancer?

    <p>Severe weight loss and muscle wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a known carcinogen?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do oncogenes typically get activated?

    <p>By genetic mutation or chromosomal rearrangements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer is characterized by altered cell proliferation and differentiation?

    <p>Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between benign and malignant tumors?

    <p>Malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of using immunomodulators in cancer treatment?

    <p>They enhance the immune system's ability to attack cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of malignant neoplasms?

    <p>They can invade and destroy nearby tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by direct extension in the context of cancer spread?

    <p>Tumor cells invade surrounding tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is tumor grading determined?

    <p>By evaluating the degree of differentiation from the normal tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does lymphadenopathy indicate in the context of cancer symptoms?

    <p>Enlargement of more than two non-contiguous lymph node groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of staging cancer using the TNM classification?

    <p>To classify the extent of cancer spread and tumor characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'seeding' refer to in cancer spread?

    <p>Neoplastic proliferation in affected tissues or organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage is defined as poorly differentiated in tumor grading?

    <p>Stage III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of local spread of cancer?

    <p>Cancer cells only proliferate within original tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • Cells are the basic building blocks of the body.
    • Cellular adaptation to stressors (injury, disease) can occur directly.

    The Impact of Cancer on the Cell

    • Proliferation: Generation of new daughter cells from progenitor cells.
    • Differentiation: Ordered process of cellular maturation to achieve a specific function.
    • Stem cells: Highly undifferentiated units.

    Cellular Replication - Review

    • Mitosis: Division and proliferation of non-germ cells, creating identical cells to replace lost cells (skin, mucosa, muscles).
    • Mitosis video: A YouTube video (8.5 minutes) details the process.
    • Meiosis: Division of germ cells, producing gametes (ovum or sperm), each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
    • Meiosis video: A YouTube video (7.5 minutes) explains the process.

    Mitosis vs. Meiosis

    • Visual comparison of the stages of mitosis and meiosis.

    Altered Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation

    • Cellular proliferation and differentiation are controlled by genes.
    • Neoplastic cells ignore genetic controls, resulting in:
      • Over-proliferation of cells (tumors).
      • Lack of differentiation (e.g., leukemia - immature blood cells).

    The Impact of Cancer on the Cell

    • This unit focuses on over-proliferation or loss of differentiation, leading to cell crowding within the body.
    • Leukemia is an example of this.

    The impact of cancer on the cell - Genes

    • Genes control cellular proliferation and differentiation.
    • Gene malfunction (nutritional changes, environmental factors, or improper coding sequences) can cause excessive proliferation.
    • Neoplasm is any abnormal growth forming new tissue.

    Benign vs. Malignant

    • Benign: Growth remains localized, resembles the original tissue, and doesn't spread.
    • Malignant: Invasive, destructive, spreads to other locations, and doesn't resemble the original tissue.

    The impact of cancer on the cell - Cancer

    • Cancer describes highly invasive and destructive neoplasms.
    • Cancer cells ignore genetic controls and do not undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
    • Rapidly growing cells are at a higher risk of developing into neoplasms (e.g., epithelial, gastric, blood cells).

    Carcinogenesis

    • DNA mutations and genes are key factors in carcinogenesis (cancer development).
    • Two types of gene mutations:
      • Inherited: Present in egg/sperm cells (5% of cancers)
      • Acquired: Occur after conception (95% of cancers).

    Inherited Cancer

    • Inherited cancers have a first mutation present at birth.
    • Additional mutations lead to cancer development over time.

    Acquired Cancer

    • Acquired mutations occur during a person's lifetime, NOT in the egg or sperm cells.
    • Possible causes include environmental exposures, chemical exposures, radiation, and viruses (e.g., HPV and cervical cancer).

    Carcinogens and Cancer Development

    • Carcinogens (e.g., sunlight, inhalation carcinogens, dietary carcinogens, industrial chemicals, and viruses) can damage DNA and cause cancer's development.

    Genetic Mutations

    • DNA is damaged by the environment.
    • "Mutator genes" repair and maintain DNA.
    • If mutator genes fail, genes can become altered, leading to neoplasms.
    • Two categories of genes that when altered can lead to neoplasms:
      • Oncogenes: Promote unregulated cellular growth and development; can inhibit apoptosis (cell death); activation can be spontaneous, but not in reproductive cells.
      • Tumor suppressor genes: Regulate the rate of cell division and death (apoptosis); problems can lead to uncontrolled proliferation and neoplastic transformation.

    Gene Mutations - Types

    • Point mutation: Damage to a single base pair in DNA, causing altered, unregulated proteins.
    • Translocation: Chromosome breaks, moves, and unites with another chromosome, changing sequencing and excessive protein production.
    • Gene amplification: Rapid replication of genes due to changes in a chromosome (overproduction of gene products).

    Genetic Mutations - Tumor Suppression

    • Tumor suppressor genes control cell division and death (apoptosis).
    • If these genes are mutated, cells can live indefinitely, leading to uncontrolled proliferation and neoplastic transformation.

    Review - The Genetic of Cancer

    • Diagrams illustrating the development of cancer related to proto-oncogenes, point mutation, amplification, and translocation.

    Carcinogens

    • Substances or agents that cause or increase cancer.
    • Direct impacts: Modify cell DNA, causing cellular function changes.
    • Indirect impacts: Suppress the immune system or cause chronic inflammation—leading to DNA damage.

    Carcinogens - Types

    • Radiation: High levels damage genetic material (e.g., UV rays, X-rays).
    • Hormones: Influence cellular growth (e.g., estrogen, tamoxifen).
    • Chemicals: (asbestos, benzene, formaldehyde, tobacco).
    • Microbes: (viruses like HPV and hepatitis B/C, bacteria like H. pylori).

    Carcinogenesis Theory

    • Initiation: Exposure to a stimuli causing mutation in a cell.
    • Promotion: Mutated cell grows, replicates, and shares the mutated trait.
    • The mutated cell is exposed to a promoter.
    • This leads to the activation of oncogenes.
    • Excessive cellular growth occurs.
    • Progression: Continued growth not dependent on the promoter, growth becomes autonomous.

    Carcinogenesis Theory - Diagram

    • Diagram showing the stages of carcinogenesis with a clear visualization of the carcinogenic agent, initiation, promotion, and progression.

    The impact of Cancer on Tissues and Organs

    • Neoplasm: Abnormal growth of new tissue.
    • Autonomy: Unregulated proliferation (growth) of the neoplasm.
    • Anaplasia: Loss of cell differentiation (the more anaplasia, the more aggressive).

    Characteristics of Neoplasms

    • A: Loss of cell-to-cell communication allows unlimited tumor growth.
    • B: Increased energy consumption (nutrients) of tumors starves other cells.
    • C: Increased motility (movement) & loss of adhesion, causing cells to break free and move to new locations.
    • D: Rapid angiogenesis creating new blood vessels to deliver resources—increasing blood flow to tumors.
    • E: Substance secretion altering the metabolism and degrading neighboring cells.
    • F: Cancer cells with foreign antigens trigger an immune response.

    Benign vs. Malignant Neoplasms - Review

    • Malignant tumors invade, destroy, and spread, unlike benign tumors.
    • Malignant tumors do not resemble the original tissue.
    • They promote ischemia and necrosis, use a lot of energy, and drive angiogenesis.

    Cancer Spread

    • Local spread: Neoplasm's proliferation within the tissue of origin.
    • Direct extension: Tumor cells enter adjacent tissue/organs.
    • Seeding: Direct extension where neoplastic proliferation occurs within the affected tissue/organ.
    • Stage 2: Neoplasm within the pleural cavity.
    • Metastasis: Neoplasms spread to other distant sites via lymph and blood vessels (stage 3&4).

    Cancer Classifications

    • Staging: Process of classifying the extent of neoplasm spread.
    • TNM: System to measure tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis.
    • Tumor grading: Differentiates the level of anaplasia in the tumor (stage I–IV).

    Cancer - Symptoms

    • Local symptoms depend on the tumor location (e.g., lung cancer: persistent cough, hemoptysis, chest pain).
    • General symptoms (e.g., inflammatory responses, lymphadenopathy, fever, anorexia, weight loss, palpable mass, loss of tissue function).

    Diagnostic Tests

    • Imaging studies (CT, MRI, ultrasounds, X-rays).
    • Biopsy and cytology studies to sample tumor cells.
    • Tumor markers (substances found in some tumors).
    • Examine blood, urine, and sputum.

    Cancer Treatment

    • Surgery: Tumor removal, pre-and post-surgical care, complication prevention, and monitoring (bleeding, infection, DVTs, pneumonia).
    • Chemotherapy: Using drugs to destroy rapidly growing cells, monitoring for side effects (nausea, vomiting, hair loss)—using antiemetics and maintaining hydration.
    • Radiation: Using radiation to damage cell DNA and stop replication.
    • Hormones: Administering hormones to treat hormone-dependent tumors.
    • Biological Response Modifiers (BRMs): Substances impacting immune responses to treat cancer.

    Cancer Treatment - Nursing Interventions

    • Preventive care (e.g., stop smoking, exercise, balanced diet, sunscreen, limit alcohol, HPV & hepatitis vaccinations).

    General Manifestations of Cancer

    • Lymphadenopathy.
    • Fever.
    • Anorexia.
    • Cachexia.
    • Palpable mass.
    • Loss of tissue function.

    Cachexia

    • Image of a person with cachexia.

    Application of the Concepts

    • Specific cancers—e.g., lung, colon, brain, leukemia, lymphoma.

    Learning Objectives

    • Two types of genetic mutations (inherited and acquired).
    • Oncogene activation processes.
    • Tumor suppressor gene's role in increased cellular proliferation.
    • Example of suppressor genes, their role, and how they contribute to neoplasm development.
    • Carcinogen definition, examples, and actions to reduce cancer risk as a nurse.
    • Characteristics of neoplasms and differences between benign and malignant.
    • Local vs. systemic manifestations of cancer (examples).
    • Cancer treatments.
    • Preventative cancer care.

    Review Videos

    • Video links for mitosis vs. meiosis, cell cycle and cancer.

    Questions

    • Chapters and page numbers for review questions (pathophysiology, medical-surgical nursing).
    • Contact information for questions.

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    Related Documents

    Altered Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the functions of mitosis in cellular replication and identify which cells undergo meiosis. This quiz will challenge your understanding of these critical biological processes involved in reproduction and growth.

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