Biology Chapter Quiz on Cell Division and Functions

A weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, often oxygen or nitrogen.

The attraction between water molecules that allows them to stick to each other.

The attraction between water molecules and other surfaces.

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons.

A bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in oppositely charged ions.

A covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally, resulting in a partial positive and partial negative charge on the atoms.

A non-covalent bond where atoms are attracted to each other by weak electrostatic forces, without sharing electrons.

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

A large molecule made up of repeating smaller units called monomers.

A simple sugar molecule that serves as the building block for larger carbohydrates.

A type of carbohydrate that is used for short-term energy storage and is found in plants.

A type of carbohydrate that is used for short-term energy storage and is found in animals.

A type of carbohydrate that is a structural component of plant cell walls.

A type of carbohydrate that is a structural component of insect exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.

A type of macromolecule that is made up of amino acids and plays diverse roles in the body, including enzymes, structural components, and hormones.

The site of protein synthesis, composed of rRNA and protein.

A network of interconnected membranes within the cytoplasm, responsible for lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.

A network of interconnected membranes within the cytoplasm, studded with ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis.

A small, dense region within the nucleus, responsible for producing and assembling ribosomal subunits.

A system of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that modify, package, and sort proteins and lipids.

The process of cellular taking in of matter.

The process of cellular releasing of matter.

A process in which specific substances bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering the formation of a vesicle for internalization.

Asexual reproduction where a single parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Sexual reproduction where a cell divides twice to produce four genetically unique daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

The point where two homologous chromosomes are physically attached during meiosis.

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

The phase of meiosis where homologous chromosomes separate, reducing the number of chromosomes by half.

The phase of meiosis where sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.

The phase of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material.

A malfunction or error in the process of mitosis can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division, contributing to the development of cancer.

A mechanism that prevents the fertilization of eggs.

A mechanism that prevents the formation of fertile offspring.

Two species reproduce at different times of the year or day.

A mode of natural selection where the average phenotype is favored, reducing the frequency of extreme traits.

A mode of natural selection where one extreme phenotype is favored, shifting the population's genetic variation towards that extreme.

Two species live in different habitats, even within the same geographic area.

Two species have different courtship rituals or mating signals.

A mode of natural selection where the extremes of a phenotype are favored, leading to more diversity in the population.

A species concept that defines a species as a group of populations that can potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Two species have incompatible reproductive structures, preventing successful mating.

A hybrid offspring fails to develop or survive to reproductive maturity.

A species concept that defines a species based on its unique physical characteristics.

A species concept that defines a species based on its unique ecological niche and adaptations to its environment.

A hybrid offspring is fertile, but its offspring is not.

A species concept that defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor and form one branch of the tree of life.

Evolutionary change resulting in the formation of new species, leading to biodiversity.