Podcast
Questions and Answers
A cell in G2 phase has damaged DNA. Which checkpoint is most likely to prevent the cell from proceeding to mitosis?
A cell in G2 phase has damaged DNA. Which checkpoint is most likely to prevent the cell from proceeding to mitosis?
- M checkpoint
- G1 checkpoint
- S checkpoint
- G2 checkpoint (correct)
During meiosis, when does the independent assortment of homologous pairs occur?
During meiosis, when does the independent assortment of homologous pairs occur?
- Anaphase II
- Telophase II
- Prophase I
- Metaphase I (correct)
A plant species shows incomplete dominance in flower color. When a red-flowered plant (RR) is crossed with a white-flowered plant (WW), the offspring are pink-flowered (RW). If two pink-flowered plants are crossed, what is the expected ratio of flower colors in the next generation?
A plant species shows incomplete dominance in flower color. When a red-flowered plant (RR) is crossed with a white-flowered plant (WW), the offspring are pink-flowered (RW). If two pink-flowered plants are crossed, what is the expected ratio of flower colors in the next generation?
- 3 red : 1 white
- 9 red : 3 pink : 4 white
- 1 red : 1 pink : 1 white
- 1 red : 2 pink : 1 white (correct)
In a certain species of beetle, gene 'A' controls antenna length and gene 'B' controls wing color. A cross between two beetles heterozygous for both genes (AaBb x AaBb) yields a phenotypic ratio that deviates significantly from 9:3:3:1. What phenomenon could explain this deviation?
In a certain species of beetle, gene 'A' controls antenna length and gene 'B' controls wing color. A cross between two beetles heterozygous for both genes (AaBb x AaBb) yields a phenotypic ratio that deviates significantly from 9:3:3:1. What phenomenon could explain this deviation?
A geneticist is studying a family pedigree and observes that a particular trait appears in every generation and that affected fathers always pass the trait to their daughters. Which inheritance pattern is most likely?
A geneticist is studying a family pedigree and observes that a particular trait appears in every generation and that affected fathers always pass the trait to their daughters. Which inheritance pattern is most likely?
Which of the following events is unique to meiosis, compared to mitosis?
Which of the following events is unique to meiosis, compared to mitosis?
A cell that has exited the cell cycle and is in a non-dividing state is considered to be in which phase?
A cell that has exited the cell cycle and is in a non-dividing state is considered to be in which phase?
In a monohybrid cross, if both parents are heterozygous (Aa), what is the probability of their offspring having the recessive phenotype?
In a monohybrid cross, if both parents are heterozygous (Aa), what is the probability of their offspring having the recessive phenotype?
In gene mapping, genes A and B have a recombination frequency of 5%, and genes A and C have a recombination frequency of 15%. Genes B and C have a recombination frequency of 20%. What is the most likely order of these genes on the chromosome?
In gene mapping, genes A and B have a recombination frequency of 5%, and genes A and C have a recombination frequency of 15%. Genes B and C have a recombination frequency of 20%. What is the most likely order of these genes on the chromosome?
A man with blood type A marries a woman with blood type B. They have a child with blood type O. What are the genotypes of the man and woman?
A man with blood type A marries a woman with blood type B. They have a child with blood type O. What are the genotypes of the man and woman?
Flashcards
G1 Phase (Gap 1)
G1 Phase (Gap 1)
Cell growth, organelle duplication, prepares for DNA replication; includes a checkpoint.
S Phase (Synthesis)
S Phase (Synthesis)
DNA replication occurs, creating two identical sister chromatids.
G2 Phase (Gap 2)
G2 Phase (Gap 2)
Final growth, protein synthesis, prepares for mitosis, includes a checkpoint.
G1 Checkpoint
G1 Checkpoint
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G2 Checkpoint
G2 Checkpoint
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M Checkpoint (Spindle Checkpoint)
M Checkpoint (Spindle Checkpoint)
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G0 Phase
G0 Phase
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Law of Independent Assortment
Law of Independent Assortment
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Law of Dominance
Law of Dominance
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Polygenic Inheritance
Polygenic Inheritance
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Study Notes
- Cell division and genetics are key concepts covered
The Cell Cycle and Interphase
- Interphase prepares the cell for division through growth and DNA replication
- Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases
- G1 phase involves cell growth, organelle duplication, and preparation for DNA replication
- G1 checkpoint verifies readiness for DNA synthesis
- S phase involves DNA replication, resulting in two identical sister chromatids
- G2 phase includes final growth and protein synthesis to prepare for mitosis
- G2 checkpoint confirms successful DNA replication and readiness for mitosis
- Checkpoints ensure the cell cycle progresses correctly.
- M checkpoint ensures proper chromosome alignment before anaphase
- G0 phase is a resting phase outside the cell cycle due to differentiation, lack of growth signals, or damage
Mitosis
- This includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
- Cytokinesis follows, dividing the cytoplasm
- Prophase involves chromatin condensing into chromosomes, spindle fibers forming, and the nuclear envelope dissolving
- Metaphase involves chromosomes aligning at the metaphase plate
- Anaphase involves sister chromatids separating and moving to opposite poles
- Telophase involves chromosomes decondensing and the nuclear envelope reforming
- Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm, forming two identical daughter cells
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
- Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells, used for growth and repair
- Meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells, essential for sexual reproduction
Meiosis
- Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, which includes prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, and cytokinesis
- Prophase I involves crossing over
- Metaphase I involves independent assortment of homologous pairs
- Anaphase I involves homologous chromosomes separating
- Telophase I and cytokinesis result in two haploid cells
- Meiosis II separates sister chromatids, similar to mitosis
- Genetic diversity increases through crossing over and independent assortment
Mendel’s Laws
- Law of Segregation states that alleles separate during gamete formation
- Law of Independent Assortment states that genes assort independently
- Law of Dominance states that dominant alleles mask recessive alleles
Punnett Squares & Genetic Crosses
- Monohybrid cross involves one gene, resulting in a 3:1 ratio in the F2 generation
- Dihybrid cross involves two genes, resulting in a 9:3:3:1 ratio in the F2 generation
- Non-Mendelian inheritance includes incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic inheritance
- Incomplete dominance results in a blended phenotype
- Codominance results in both alleles being expressed
- Multiple alleles involve more than two alleles, such as blood type
- Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes influencing a trait
Pedigrees
- Autosomal dominant traits appear in every generation
- Autosomal recessive traits can skip generations
- X-linked inheritance affects males more frequently
- Pedigree analysis predicts inheritance patterns and genotypes
Gene Mapping
- This uses crossover frequencies to determine gene order
- Recombination frequency is calculated as (Recombinant Offspring / Total Offspring) × 100
- Recombination percentage is used to estimate genetic distance
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