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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of mitosis?
What is the primary function of mitosis?
Which stage of the cell cycle is characterized by normal cell growth and function?
Which stage of the cell cycle is characterized by normal cell growth and function?
During which stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell?
During which stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell?
In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell?
In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell?
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Which of the following events does NOT occur during prophase?
Which of the following events does NOT occur during prophase?
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What is the basic building block of all living organisms?
What is the basic building block of all living organisms?
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Which statement is true about prokaryotic cells?
Which statement is true about prokaryotic cells?
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Which organelle is known as the "powerhouse of the cell"?
Which organelle is known as the "powerhouse of the cell"?
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What is the primary function of ribosomes?
What is the primary function of ribosomes?
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What structure is present in eukaryotic cells but absent in prokaryotic cells?
What structure is present in eukaryotic cells but absent in prokaryotic cells?
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Which type of cell contains peptidoglycan in its cell wall?
Which type of cell contains peptidoglycan in its cell wall?
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What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
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What is the function of lysosomes?
What is the function of lysosomes?
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Which cytoskeletal element is responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division?
Which cytoskeletal element is responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division?
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Viruses are considered obligate intracellular parasites because:
Viruses are considered obligate intracellular parasites because:
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Study Notes
Cell Division
- Cell division is the process by which a cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
- Eukaryotic cell cycles have two main phases: Interphase and Mitosis.
- Interphase has three phases: Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), and Gap 2 (G2).
- Gap 1: The cell grows in size, organelles replicate, and proteins associated with DNA synthesis are created.
- Synthesis: Replication of DNA occurs, and proteins associated with mitosis are synthesized.
- Gap 2: Synthesis of proteins associated with mitosis continues.
Cell Cycle
- The cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides.
- Eukaryotic cell cycle has 2 major phases: Interphase and Mitosis (M).
- Interphase has steps such as G1, S, and G2 phases.
- Mitosis has 4 phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
- Cytokinesis is the separate process that divides the cytoplasm.
Learning Outcomes
- Identify the stages in mitosis and meiosis.
- Describe each stage occurring during mitosis and meiosis.
- Differentiate mitosis from meiosis.
Mitosis
- Mitosis is the division of somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) in eukaryotic organisms.
- A single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
- Daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
- DNA replication occurs before mitosis.
- Mitosis has 4 sub-phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase; followed by Cytokinesis.
Prophase
- Chromosomes condense.
- Spindle fibers form.
- Chromosomes are captured by the spindle.
Metaphase
- Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell, with one kinetochore facing each pole.
Anaphase
- Sister chromatids separate.
- Spindle fibers shorten, pulling chromatids towards the poles.
- Free spindle fibers lengthen, pushing poles of the cell apart.
Telophase
- Spindle fibers disintegrate.
- Nuclear envelopes form around both groups of chromosomes.
- Chromosomes revert to their extended state.
- Cytokinesis occurs, dividing each daughter nucleus into a separate cell.
Cytokinesis (Plant vs. Animal)
- Plant cells: Cytokinesis occurs by forming a cell plate between the two daughter nuclei.
- Animal cells: Cytokinesis occurs through cleavage furrow formation; a ring of microtubules contract, pinching the cell in half.
Meiosis
- Meiosis is the cell division of gametes (sex cells).
- One germ cell divides into four unique daughter cells.
- Daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell (haploid).
- Meiosis is a process of two successive divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II.
Ploidy
- Ploidy refers to the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell.
- Haploid (n): One copy of each chromosome (gametes)
- Diploid (2n): Two sets of chromosomes (somatic cells)
Homologues
- Homologues are chromosome pairs.
- Diploid cells have homologous pairs.
- Sex chromosomes (X and Y) are an exception.
- Other chromosomes are known as autosomes; they also have homologues.
Crossing Over
- Homologous chromosomes break at identical locations and rejoin to opposite partners.
- This creates new mixes of alleles.
- Crossing-over occurs randomly on each chromosome several times, leading to different combinations of the genes.
Meiosis I
- Chromosomes condense.
- Chromosomes pair up.
- Crossing-over occurs.
- Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles.
- Cytokinesis occurs.
Meiosis II
- Sister chromatids separate.
- Chromosomes move to opposite poles.
- Nuclear envelope forms.
- Cytoplasm divides.
Mitosis vs Meiosis
- Both Mitosis and Meiosis are types of cell divisions, but they have different functions and outcomes.
- Similarities include: Starting with a diploid cell; DNA replication before division; and similar phases like Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
- Differences include: Mitosis produces two identical diploid daughter cells while Meiosis produces four unique haploid daughter cells.
- Mitosis creates body cells while Meiosis creates sex cells.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell division and the cell cycle, focusing on the phases of mitosis and interphase. This quiz covers key learning outcomes such as identifying stages and describing processes involved in cell division. Challenge yourself to understand the complexities of eukaryotic cell cycles.
