Cell Division and Reproduction

• Cell division (or reproduction) happens when a parent cell produces two daughter cells.
• DNA is stored in chromosomes, which contain a cell's genetic information.
• Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of sperm and egg cells (gametes).
• Asexual reproduction where offspring develop from an unfertilized female gamete is called Parthenogenesis.
• The cell cycle includes a growing stage (interphase) and a dividing stage (mitotic phase).
• Interphase and Mitosis are the two main phases of the cell cycle with three checkpoints to ensure cell fitness.
• The immune system usually destroys cells with altered protein shapes, but if not, it can lead to tumors, either benign or malignant.
• Asexual reproduction via spore production is called Spore formation, and it can result in spores that can germinate into new individuals.
• Metastasis is the process of cancer cells spreading beyond their original location.
• Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm of a cell, typically following mitosis.
• A set of molecules known as the Cell cycle control system triggers and coordinates cell cycle events.
• Karyotyping examines chromosomes from a cell sample.
• Chromosomes come in pairs, with each pair carrying the same genes that control the same inherited traits.
• Meiosis is a type of sexual reproduction that uses haploid daughter cells to produce egg and sperm cells.
• During the G1 phase, the cell grows; during Synthesis, it replicates DNA; and in G2, it accumulates nutrients for mitosis.
• Chromatin is made of DNA and protein molecules.
• The interphase includes the G1, Synthesis, and G2 sub-phases.
• Mitosis consists of four phases which are: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

Asexual Reproduction

• Budding occurs when a new organism grows out of a parent organism.
• Vegetative propagation generates a new plant from a specialized portion of a vegetative plant.
• Binary Fission is asexual reproduction where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
• Plant Apomixis is asexual reproduction in plants without fertilization.
• Fragmentation occurs when parent organism breaks into fragments, each of which are capable of developing into a new organism.
• Asexual reproduction involves reproduction via single parent.

Cell Conditions

• A cell will self-destruct if it fails a checkpoint, but it will turn cancerous it fails to self-destruct.
• Errors in meiosis can result in deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation.
• Nondisjunction is the term for mistakes in chromosome separation during meiosis.
• Sex chromosome abnormalities typically do not affect human survival.
• Mitosis divides and distributes the nucleus and its contents into two daughter nuclei.
• Cells reproduce in a healthy limit; cancer cells reproduce uncontrollably, becoming tumors that drain nutrients from other cells.
• Interphase occurs when the entering cell grows and gains nutrients before mitosis.
• Cancer cells are considered immortal and the first being tested was the HeLa cell from Henrietta Lacks.
• Mitosis and Meiosis are the two types of cell division. Additionally, Mitosis is an asexual reproduction where there is diploid daughter cells and divides every second

Cell division results in daughter cells, with DNA stored in chromosomes. Sexual reproduction fuses gametes, while asexual reproduction includes parthenogenesis and spore formation. The cell cycle has interphase and mitotic phases regulated by checkpoints. Cancer involves tumor formation, metastasis, and is related to cell division.